System calls in Ubuntu

Описание: The concept of System Calls (syscalls) is fundamental to understanding how the Ubuntu operating system manages the boundary between applications and hardware. Linux operates using two distinct privilege levels: User Space, where applications like web browsers and utility programs run with limited access, and Kernel Space, which houses the Linux Kernel itself, possessing total control over the CPU, memory, and devices. Since user-space applications are restricted from directly interacting with hardware (like reading a hard drive or accessing a network card), they must petition the highly privileged Kernel to perform these critical tasks on their behalf—this petition is the System Call. When an application calls a high-level function like fopen() in C, it uses a standard library wrapper function that prepares the arguments and triggers a special CPU instruction (like syscall) that causes the processor to switch from User Mode to Kernel Mode. The Kernel then verifies the request, executes the required low-level operation (e.g., performing a disk write), and switches the CPU back to User Mode, returning the result to the application. These syscalls are categorized into functions like File Management (open(), read()), Process Control (fork(), exec()), and Communication (socket()), and users can directly observe this constant interaction using the strace utility, which logs every request made by a program to the Kernel

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