Python Classes & Objects Explained | Complete Beginner's Guide

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Have you ever heard Python programmers throwing around words like classes and objects and just nodded along, feeling like you missed an important memo?
You’re in exactly the right place.

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In the next few minutes, we’ll break all that jargon down into a simple, powerful tool you can start using right away.

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Here’s the big question: a program is just lines of code, right? Text and logic.
So how does it represent a real-world thing like a person, a car, or a bank account?

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The answer: classes and objects. That’s why they were invented.

The Game Plan

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We’ll cover:

The difference between a blueprint and a real object

Creating an empty blueprint

Using it to make real objects

Giving objects unique data

Teaching objects to perform actions

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By the end, your code will feel completely different.

Classes vs Objects

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Here’s the most important idea in all of object-oriented programming: the difference between a plan and the thing you build from it.

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Class → the blueprint or rulebook.
Example: A student class says:

“Every student must have a name and an age.”

A class alone does nothing. It’s just instructions.

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Object → the real thing.
Example: A student like Ali or Sarah.

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Analogy:

Class = blueprint, Object = house you can live in

Class = recipe, Object = cake you can eat

Creating a Class

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class Student:
pass


class → tells Python we’re making a blueprint

Student → name of the class (capitalize by convention)

pass → placeholder for details we’ll add later

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We now have a blueprint. Empty, but valid.

Creating Objects

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ali = Student()
sara = Student()


Left → variable holding the object

Right → class name + parentheses → Python creates a new object

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Each object is independent.

Ali, Sara, Ahmed → all separate, same blueprint

Analogy: a mold making toy cars; one breaks, the others are fine

Adding Data with _init_ and self

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To give objects unique information, we use:

_init_ → the setup function called automatically

self → refers to the specific object being created

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class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age


self.name = name → stores incoming name inside this object only

Why It Works

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ally = Student("Ally", 12)
sarah = Student("Sarah", 11)


self ensures Ally’s data stays with Ally, Sarah’s with Sarah

Data never mixes

Adding Behavior

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class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def introduce(self):
print(f"My name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old")


Functions inside a class → methods

self gives methods access to the object’s data

Calling ally.introduce() prints Ally’s info, sarah.introduce() prints Sarah’s

Factory Analogy

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Class → factory blueprint

Object → product off the assembly line

_init_ → setup process customizing each product

self → unique label for each product

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You’ve built a complete student model, from blueprint to functioning object.

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Now think bigger: cars, bank accounts, playlists, video game characters… what blueprints could you design and bring to life in your code? 🚀