Importance of Phosphorus based Fertilizers |فاسفورس کو استعمال کرنے کا بہترین طریقہ کونسا ہے؟ |

Описание: When producers pay special attention to managing phosphorus (P), it can lead to profitable crop production. The best way to use fertilizers to meet P requirements changes with crop, soil properties and environmental conditions.

Finding the best P source
Inorganic commercial P fertilizers have evolved over the last several decades into a refined, predictable product. Plus, there are the organic P sources closely associated with livestock operations or with proximity to major metropolitan areas.

There should be no difference in P fertilizer sources, as long as nutrient analysis differences are taken into account. While there are certain situations where one product performs better, phosphorus fertilizer recommendations are the same regardless of the phosphate fertilizer source.

chemical reactions used in processing rock phosphate into fertilizer
Figure 1: The process used to manufacture various phosphate fertilizers.
Dry vs. wet process
In the dry process, an electric furnace treats rock phosphate. This treatment produces a very pure and more expensive phosphoric acid – frequently called white or furnace acid – primarily used in the food and chemical industry.

Fertilizers that use white phosphoric acid as the P source are generally more expensive because of the costly treatment process.

The wet process involves treating the rock phosphate with acid-producing phosphoric acid – also called green or black acid – and gypsum, which is removed as a by-product. The impurities that give the acid its color haven’t been a problem in the production of dry fertilizers.

Orthophosphoric acid
Both the wet and dry treatment processes produce orthophosphoric acid, the phosphate form that’s taken up by plants.

The phosphoric acid produced by either the wet or dry process is frequently heated, driving off water and producing a superphosphoric acid. The phosphate concentration in superphosphoric acid usually varies from 72 to 76 percent.

The P in this acid is present as both orthophosphate and polyphosphate. Polyphosphates consist of a series of orthophosphates that have been chemically joined together. Upon contact with soils, polyphosphates revert back to orthophosphates.

Adding ammonia
Ammonia can be added to the superphosphoric acid to create liquid or dry materials containing both nitrogen (N) and P. The liquid, 10-34-0, is the most common product.

The 10-34-0 can be mixed with finely ground potash (0-0-62), water and urea-ammonium nitrate solution (28-0-0) to form 7-21-7 and related grades. The P in these products is present in both the orthophosphate and polyphosphate form.

When ammonia is added to phosphoric acid that hasn’t been heated, it produces monoammonium phosphate (11-52-0) or diammonium phosphate (18-46-0), depending on the ratio of the mixture. The P present in these two fertilizers is in the orthophosphate form.

Cost and outcome
The cost of converting rock phosphate to the individual phosphate fertilizers varies with the process. More importantly, the processes have no effect on the availability of P to plants.
Comparison chart: Common fertilizer sources
Table 1: Percentages of water-soluble and available phosphate in several common fertilizer source
P2O5 source N Total Available P2O5 Water soluble* P2O5
Superphosphate (OSP) 0% 21% 20% 85%
Concentrated Superphosphate (CSP) 0% 45% 45% 85%
Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) 11% 49% 48% 82%
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) 18% 47% 46% 90%
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) 10% 34% 34% 100%
Rock Phosphate 0% 34% 3% 0%
*Water-soluble data are a percent of the total P2O5.
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