How We Got the Bible Part 7: Greek New Testament Uncials

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"How We Got the Bible: Transmission and Translation" with Pastor Sean Finnegan. Session 7: Greek New Testament Uncials

Parchment is a material made from animal skin and used as a medium for written manuscripts. Parchment was commonly used in the West prior to the introduction of paper. Parchment had a marked advantage over papyrus in its greater durability; moreover, it was better suited than papyrus for writing on both sides. It was about the start of the fourth century A.D. that it began to take the place of papyrus in the manufacture of the best books, and the works considered worth preserving were gradually transferred from papyrus roll to parchment codex.

In times of economic depression, when the cost of vellum parchment increased, the parchment of an older manuscript would be used again. The original writing was scraped and washed off, the surface resmoothed, and the new literary material written on the salvated material. Such a book was called a palimpsest, which means “rescraped.”

In 1839, Lobegott Friedrich Constantin von Tischendorf devoted himself to the textual study of the New Testament, and attempted, by making use of all the acquisitions of the last three centuries, to reconstruct, if possible, the exact text as it came from the pen of the sacred writers. His first critical edition of the New Testament appeared in the autumn of 1840. But after giving this edition a final revision, he resolved to give his leisure and abilities to a fresh examination of the original documents. For the accomplishment of this protracted and difficult enterprise, it was needful not only to undertake distant journeys, to devote much time, and to bring to the task both ability and zeal, but also to provide a large sum of money.

At Saint Catherine’s Monastery at the traditional site of Mount Sinai on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, Tischendorf discovered Codex Sinaiticus, the oldest known complete copy of the New Testament, written in Greek uncial script. Codex Sinaiticus dates to the fourth century A.D. and includes the Old Testament, the New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas, and the Shepherd of Hermas. Saint Catherine’s Monastery gave the codex as a gift to Czar Nicholas II of Russia, who was the protector of the Russian Orthodox Church and held great influence over the Eastern Orthodox Church in general. The codex was later sold to the British Library in London, where it resides today. It became available to scholars in 1862. It is of the Alexandrian text family.

Codex Alexandrinus dates to the fifth century A.D. and contains the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the Epistles of Clement. It currently resides at the British Library and London. It became available to scholars in 1621. It is of the Byzantine and Alexandrian text families.

Codex Vaticanus dates to the fourth century A.D. It contains only the books of Matthew, 2 Thessalonians, Hebrews chapters 1-9, James, and Jude. It currently resides at the Vatican Library. It became available to scholars in 1890. It is of the Alexandrian text family.

Codex Ephaemi Rescriptus dates to the fifth century A.D. It contains only the four canonical gospels, the Book of Acts, all of the Epistles traditionally attributed to the Apostle Paul, and the Book of Revelation. It is currently located at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, France. It became available to scholars in 1843. It is of mixed text families.

Codex Bezae dates to the fifth century A.D. It contains only the four canonical gospels and the Book of Acts. It currently resides at the University Library in Cambridge, England. It became available to scholars in the ninth century A.D. It is of the Western text family.