How could prehistoric humans live at a temperature of -75°C?

Описание: How Prehistoric Humans Survived Extreme Cold

Surviving temperatures as low as -75°C would have been an extraordinary challenge, pushing prehistoric humans to the limits of their biological and technological capabilities. Their survival relied on three main pillars: mastery of fire, sophisticated clothing, and specialized shelters. Fire was the most critical tool, providing a constant heat source and allowing them to cook high-fat, high-protein meals—such as mammoth or reindeer meat—which fueled the high metabolic rates needed to maintain core body temperature.

In terms of technology, the invention of bone needles allowed for the creation of tailored, multi-layered garments made from animal furs and hides. These form-fitting clothes trapped layers of air, acting as highly efficient insulation against the biting wind. Furthermore, they didn't just live in open caves; they constructed insulated dwellings using mammoth bones, tusks, and thick animal skins to create warmer microclimates. Biologically, early humans in cold climates often possessed stockier builds and shorter limbs (as seen in Neanderthals), a physiological adaptation known as Allen's Rule, which helped minimize surface area and reduce heat loss to the environment.