Heart Failure
Автор: healthtube
Загружено: 2026-01-11
Просмотров: 27
Описание: Heart failure is a chronic, progressive clinical syndrome that arises when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively enough to meet the metabolic needs of the body, or can do so only at the cost of abnormally high filling pressures. This dysfunction may result from impaired ventricular contraction (systolic dysfunction), impaired ventricular relaxation and filling (diastolic dysfunction), or a combination of both. As cardiac performance declines, compensatory mechanisms such as activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system initially help maintain circulation but eventually contribute to ventricular remodeling, fluid retention, and worsening cardiac function. Clinically, heart failure manifests with symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance, and signs of systemic and pulmonary congestion.
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