[THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2021- ADVANCE] For groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of

Описание: This year’s Nobel Prize in Physics focuses upon the complexity of physical systems, from the largest scales experienced by humans, such as Earth’s climate, down to the microscopic structure and dynamics of mysterious and yet commonplace materials, such as glass. We recognize that scientists understand that no single prediction of anything can be taken as unassailable truth, and that without understanding the origins of variability we cannot understand the behavior of any system. Only then, for example, do we understand that global warming is real and attributable to humans. In the following we begin with a general background to provide a context for the discussion of specific contributions. A central emphasis is on the physical reality that the variability in the basic processes, from climate dynamics to frustrated materials, leads to the emergence of multiple length and time scales and hence is fundamental to interpretation of theory, experiment and observation.

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