Inorganic Chemistry (17) Buffer | Isotonic solutions | Measurements of Tonicity of Solution

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Contents for 2nd Unit of Inorganic Chemistry -

(01) Acids, Bases and Buffers: Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting is tonicity.

(02) Major extra and intracellular electrolytes: Functions of major physiological ions, Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS), Physiological acid-base balance.

(03) Dental products: Dentifrices, the role of fluoride in the treatment of dentalcare, Desensitizing agents, Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, and Zinc eugenol cement.

Buffer Solution
A buffer solution refers to an aqueous solution. Furthermore, it consists of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice-versa. This solution is quite important in the field of chemistry. You can explore more about buffer solutions here.

Definition of Buffer Solution
Buffer solution or simply called buffer in analytical chemistry or biology is a solution whose pH remains virtually unchanged upon the addition of small amounts of strong acids or bases. A buffer solution may be made up of an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid.

The use of conjugate solutions is significantly important in buffer solutions. We used buffer solutions in order to keep pH at a somewhat constant value. This has a wide variety of chemistry applications.

Isotonic solutions
Isotonic solutions are formulated by combining a volume measured in millilitres and a weight expressed in grams or equivalent amount of sodium chloride expressed in grams. A volume of isotonic solution in millilitres is equal to one gram of sodium chloride dissolved in water.

Methods used to determine tonicity value
Many chemicals and drugs are used in pharmaceutical formulations. These substances contribute to the tonicity of the solution. Hence, methods are needed toverify the tonicity and adjust isotonicity. Two methods used to determine tonicity valve are described below

Hemolytic method
Isotonicity valve is calculated by using the hemolytic method in which the effect of various solutions of drugis observed on the appearance of red blood cells suspended in solution. In this method, RBC’s are suspended in various solutions and the appearance of RBC’s is observed for swelling, bursting, shrinking and wrinkling of the blood cells. In hypertonic solutions, the oxyhaemoglobin released is proportional to the number of cells haemolysed; in case of hypertonic solutions, the cells shrink and become wrinkled or crenated whereas in case of isotonic
solutions the cells do not change their morphology.

Cryoscopic method
Isotonicity values can be determined from the colligative properties of the solutions. For this
purpose, freezing point depression property is most extensively used. The freezing point of water is 0ᵒC, and when any substance such as Nacl is added to it, the freezing point of water decreases. The freezing point of depression ( of blood is -0.52ᵒC. Hence, the drug solution must be -0.52ᵒC.
This solution shows an osmotic pressure equal to the blood.

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