FINGERPRINTS EXAMINATION | DACTYLOGRAPHY | MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE | CRIMINAL LAW | CRPC | MEDICAL LAW

Описание: FINGER PRINTS/DACTYLOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
Finger-prints is a method of identification by the pattern of the skin of the tips of the fingers. The method of fingerprints identification is also known as dactylography. Galton was the first to devise a system of classification of the fingerprints patterns into four main types,
(i) Arches,
(ii) Loops,
(iii) Whorls, and
(iv) Composites

The characteristics of a print, known as the "Galton details" may take the form of ridge endings, bifurcations, lake formations or island formations. lo prove the identity of a single fingerprint, in English Court, it is necessary to have 16 ridge characteristics identical and occurring in the same sequence as 16 ridge characteristics in the comparison print. Finger-prints are impressions of the balls of the fingers and thumbs either detected at a scene of crime or recorded by moistening the skin with printer's ink and pressing or rolling on prepared paper so that permanent record results. It is a very useful and important method in determining the identity of person specially of a person accused of an offence.

USE AND EVOLUTION OF FINGER PRINT METHOD:
The science of finger prints was known in ancient Assyria and used for purposes of identification in 700 A.D. The Chinese police
were using it in the 13 century. In India this system was first used in 1858 by Sir William Herschel but the credit is given to Sir Francis Galeton for having systematized it for identification of the criminals. So it is also known as Galeton system.

DEFINITION OF FINGER PRINT:
The term of finger print normally refers to impressions transferred from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though finger print cards also typically record portion of lower joints areas of fingers.

TYPES OF FINGER PRINTS

According to the forensic science, following are the three types of finger prints.
1. Patent prints
Patent prints are such prints which are visible to the naked eye. Patent prints are deposited
when accused has a substance on his fingers such as grease, paint, blood, or ink that leaves a visible print on a surface.
2. Plastic prints
Plastic prints are such prints which are less visible to the naked eye as compare to patent
prints. Plastic prints are deposited when accused touches an object such as wax, butter, or soap and leaves a three-dimensional impression of the finger on the object.
3. Latent prints
Latent prints are such prints which are difficult to see and forensic science has to make
more efforts to locate such prints. Latent prints are deposited when accused touches any absorbent or nonabsorbent surface due to natural secretions of sweats or oils, fingers leave a deposit on surfaces

DACTYLOGRAPHY
(DERMATOGLYPHICS) OR FINGERPRINT SYSTEM:
Dactylography or Dermatoglyphics is also known as the fingerprint system and consists in taking the impressions of the pulp of the fingers and thumbs with printer's ink on an unglazed white paper and then examining them with a magnifying lens.
(1)
BASIS OF FINGERPRINT SYSTEM:
It is on the principle that the individual peculiarities of the patterns formed by the arrangement and distribution of papillary or epidermal ridges on the finger tips are absolutely constant and persist throughout life, from infancy to old age, and that the patterns of no two hands resemble each other. Even the fingerprints of twins are not similar.
It has been estimated that the chances of two persons having identical finger impressions is about one in thirty times the population of the world.
(Il)
POROSCOPY/MICROSCOPIC POSES:
The ridges on the fingers and hands are studied with microscopic pores, which are the mouths of the ducts of the sweat glands below the epidermis. These pores may be used for personal identification, as they are permanent and immutable during life and vary in size, shape, position, extent and number over a given length of the ridges in each individual. This method of identification by examining the pores is known as poroscopy, and is of the greatest value when a small fragment of a finger impression or an impression of a part of a palm is available for comparison

METHOD OF TAKING FINGER PRINTS IMPRESSIONS:
Finger prints are taken on an unglazed white paper and then examining them with a magnifying lens. There are following two
methods for obtaining the finger prints are either rolled or plain.
(I) ROLLED IMPRESSION:
In this method, the ridge surface of the finger between the nail boundaries is inked and by pressing it lightly upon paper in the same way that it was pressed upon the inked slab, clear rolled impression of the finger surface is obtained. The finger must not heavily press either on the inked slab or on the paper.
(Il) PLAIN IMPRESSION:
A plain impression is one which is Obtained by placing the bulb of finger or thumb on the inked slab and then impressing it on paper without any turning movements.