Structure of Atom | History, Discovery of Electron & Thomson’s Experiment | Exam Essential Series

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Structure of Atom | History, Discovery of Electron & Thomson’s Experiment | Exam Essential Series

This topic is essential for learners across all levels—from high school to doctoral research. At the school and pre-university level, it underpins exams such as CBSE/ICSE Boards, JEE Main & Advanced, NEET in India, as well as SAT Chemistry, AP Chemistry, GCSEs, Cambridge O-Levels and A-Levels, IB SL/HL, and HSC exams internationally. At the undergraduate and postgraduate level, it is central to competitive exams like IIT-JAM, GATE, CSIR-UGC NET, DBT-RA, and JEST in India, alongside GRE Physics, MCAT, and other international graduate entrance tests. At the research and PhD level, atomic structure and experimental models form a core part of qualifying and comprehensive examinations worldwide.

Structure of Atom | History, Discovery of Electron & Thomson’s Experiment | Basic Science Series
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Introduction
In this lecture, we explore the structure of the atom, tracing its development from ancient philosophy to modern experimental physics. The session covers both the historical foundations and the groundbreaking experiments that revealed the existence of subatomic particles.
Early Ideas of Atoms
The journey begins with Indian and Greek philosophers, who imagined matter as being composed of tiny indivisible building blocks. The term “atom” comes from the Greek word a-tomio, meaning uncuttable or indivisible.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
In 1808, John Dalton presented the first scientific atomic theory. His model explained matter as being made up of indivisible atoms combining in fixed ratios, giving chemistry a strong theoretical framework. However, this theory could not explain phenomena related to electricity or later discoveries of subatomic particles.
Faraday and Cathode Rays
Michael Faraday’s experiments in the 1830s suggested that electricity was carried by discrete particles. Later, experiments on electrical discharge in gases revealed cathode rays—mysterious streams of particles that traveled in straight lines, produced fluorescence, exerted mechanical force, and were deflected by electric and magnetic fields. These observations led to the identification of the first subatomic particle: the electron.
J.J. Thomson’s Experiment (1897)

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