Embryology And Anatomy of The Pelvic Organs

Описание: The pelvic organs (urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs) develop embryologically from the cloaca and genital ducts, while anatomically they are housed within the bony pelvis, supported by the pelvic floor muscles, and supplied by branches of the internal iliac vessels.

Embryology of Pelvic Organs
1. Cloacal Division
Early in development, the cloaca is a common cavity for urinary, genital, and digestive tracts.

The urorectal septum divides it into:

Anterior urogenital sinus → bladder, urethra, and lower genital tract.

Posterior anorectal canal → rectum and anal canal.

2. Genital Duct Development
Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts: Form male reproductive structures (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles).

Paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts: Form female reproductive structures (uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina).

Sexual differentiation depends on SRY gene and hormonal signals (AMH, testosterone).

3. Uterus and Vagina
Fusion of the paramesonephric ducts creates the uterovaginal primordium, which develops into the uterus and upper vagina.

The lower vagina arises from the urogenital sinus.

4. Congenital Anomalies
Improper duct fusion → uterine anomalies (bicornuate uterus, septate uterus).

Cloacal malformations → abnormal openings of urinary, genital, and rectal tracts.

Anatomy of Pelvic Organs
1. Bony Pelvis
Formed by two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.

Divided into greater pelvis (supports abdominal organs) and lesser pelvis (contains pelvic organs).

2. Pelvic Floor
Muscular support provided by levator ani and coccygeus muscles.

Maintains continence and supports pelvic viscera.

3. Pelvic Compartments
Anterior compartment: Urinary bladder and urethra.

Middle compartment: Reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, prostate, seminal vesicles).

Posterior compartment: Rectum and anal canal.

4. Blood Supply & Innervation
Arterial supply: Branches of the internal iliac artery (uterine, vaginal, vesical, rectal arteries).



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