Physics Project for class 12 | ElectricGenerator working model | How to makeElectric Generator

Описание: Physics Project for class 12 | Electric
Generator working model | How to make
Electric Generator
Ac generator working model
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An AC Generator (also known as an Alternator) is an electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of Alternating Current (AC).
It is a cornerstone of modern power systems, used in everything from small portable generators to massive hydroelectric and nuclear power plants.

1. Working Principle
The AC generator works on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
The Principle: When a conductor (like a wire coil) is rotated in a magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. This change in flux induces an Electromotive Force (EMF) or voltage across the ends of the coil.

2. Main Components
To build or understand a model AC generator, you need these four essential parts:
**Armature (Coil): A rectangular coil with many turns of insulated copper wire wound over a soft iron core.
Strong Field Magnets: Two powerful magnets (North and South poles) that create a uniform magnetic field.
Slip Rings: Two metal rings attached to the ends of the coil. They rotate with the coil and help maintain a continuous connection.
Brushes: Stationary carbon blocks that press against the slip rings to collect the current and pass it to the external circuit (like a bulb).
3. How It Works (Step-by-Step)
Rotation: Mechanical energy (from a turbine or hand crank) rotates the armature coil within the magnetic field.
Flux Change: As the coil turns, the angle between the coil and the magnetic field lines changes, which changes the magnetic flux.
Current Generation: According to Faraday's law, this change induces a current.
Alternating Nature: During the first half-rotation, current flows in one direction. In the second half-rotation, the direction reverses. This is why it's called Alternating Current.
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule: This rule is used to determine the direction of the induced current at any moment.
4. Mathematical Formula
The instantaneous induced EMF (e) in the coil at any time (t) is given by:

Where:
N = Number of turns in the coil
B = Strength of the magnetic field
A = Area of the coil
\omega = Angular velocity (speed of rotation)
t = Time
At its peak (\sin(\omega t) = 1), the maximum EMF is E_0 = NBA\omega.
Key Difference: AC vs. DC Generator
While both convert mechanical energy to electrical energy, an AC Generator uses slip rings to produce current that changes direction, whereas a DC Generator uses a split-ring commutator to produce current that flows in only one direction.
AC Generator or Dynamo | Construction and Working
This video provides a detailed breakdown of the construction and working of an AC generator, which is very helpful for Class 12 exam preparation and model making.

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