Milady Esthetics Chapter 3 Pages 83-90 Physiology Histology of the Skin Esthetician Aesthetician

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Chapter 3 covers the structure, functions, and components of the skin, highlighting the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer, skin cells, glands, protective mechanisms, and factors affecting skin health.
Skin Structure
Epidermis: Outermost layer providing a protective barrier. Layers include the stratum corneum (dead cells), stratum lucidum (palms and soles), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum (cell division occurs).
Dermis: Known as “true skin,” containing blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue, collagen, and elastin. Its two layers are the papillary layer (nourishment and support) and reticular layer (deep dermis with structures such as hair follicles and glands).
Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis): Made of fat and connective tissue, providing insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin Cells
Keratinocytes: Produce keratin, aid barrier function, and form majority of epidermis.
Melanocytes: Produce melanin (eumelanin for darker tones, pheomelanin for lighter tones) to protect against UV radiation.
Fibroblasts: Stimulate collagen and elastin production, supporting elasticity and firmness.
Langerhans Cells: Immune cells that detect and respond to pathogens.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Help fight infections and allergies.
Glands and Appendages
Sebaceous Glands: Connected to hair follicles; secrete sebum for lubrication and protection.
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands: Include eccrine (body-wide, temperature regulation) and apocrine (underarm and genital, odor-producing) types.
Arrector Pili Muscle: Small muscles causing goosebumps.
Hair Follicles: Tubular structures housing hairs; contain papillae with blood supply.
Key Proteins and Compounds
Collagen: Provides firmness; supports skin structure.
Elastin: Maintains elasticity.
Ceramides: Lipid components in the intercellular matrix for barrier and hydration.
Hyaluronic Acid: Hydrates and binds water in skin.
Skin Functions and Protective Mechanisms
Barrier Function: Epidermis and intercellular matrix protect against water loss (TEWL) and environmental damage.
Hydrolipidic Balance: Oil-water balance on skin surface maintains protection and hydration.
UV Protection: UVA causes aging and genetic damage; UVB primarily causes burns and cancer risk.
Immune Response: Langerhans cells and leukocytes detect and neutralize pathogens.
Common Skin Conditions
Couperose: Small visible capillaries causing redness.
Rosacea: Chronic skin condition with flushing, visible vessels, and possible papules.
Additional Concepts
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF): Stimulates cell reproduction and healing.
High-Energy Visible Light: From devices, damages collagen and elastin.
Glycation: Damage to proteins from sugar binding, affecting skin structure.

This summary encapsulates the essential terminology and key concepts from Chapter 3, providing a concise reference for studying skin physiology, histology, and function in esthetics.