Lecture 4 (Unit 2) || Byte Streams and Character streams Reading and writing file || OOPs with Java

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Object-Oriented Programming with Java: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction to Java
Java is a versatile, platform-independent programming language widely used in software development. It was developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s and has since become a foundational language for building various applications. Java's "write once, run anywhere" philosophy is enabled by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows Java bytecode to be executed on any platform with a compatible JVM. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) includes the JVM and libraries necessary for running Java applications, while the Java Development Kit (JDK) provides tools for developing them. Java source files follow a specific structure, and the compilation process converts these files into bytecode for execution by the JVM. Java's programming structure includes defining classes, objects, Constructors, Access modifiers, Control flow structures, arrays and strings.
Core Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
• Class and Object: Classes are the fundamental building blocks, and objects are instances of classes.
• Inheritance: Enables a subclass to inherit properties and methods from a superclass.
• Overriding and Overloading: Overriding allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method, while overloading refers to defining multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.
• Encapsulation: Restricts access to certain components, enhancing modularity.
• Polymorphism: Allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class.
• Abstraction: Hides implementation details, exposing only essential features.
• Interfaces and Abstract Classes: Interfaces define a contract for classes without providing implementation, while abstract classes can include both abstract methods and concrete methods.
Packages
Packages in Java are used to group related classes and interfaces. The CLASSPATH is set to include these packages, and JAR files can be created for distribution. Java supports both regular and static imports, and naming conventions are important for maintaining clarity.
Exception Handling
Exception handling in Java is crucial for building robust applications. Exceptions can be checked or unchecked, and Java provides a structured approach using try, catch, finally, throw, and throws. Custom exceptions can also be defined to handle specific application needs.
Input/Output Basics
Java supports both byte streams and character streams for input and output operations. Reading and writing files are essential aspects of Java I/O, enabling data persistence and communication between applications.
Multithreading
Java's multithreading capabilities allow concurrent execution of tasks. Threads have a lifecycle, and their priorities can be adjusted. Synchronization ensures that threads do not interfere with each other, while inter-thread communication facilitates coordination.
Java New Features
Recent Java updates have introduced features like functional interfaces, lambda expressions, method references, and the Stream API. These features enhance code efficiency and readability. Additionally, the introduction of sealed classes, text blocks, and the Java Module System reflect Java's ongoing evolution.
Java Collections Framework
The Java Collections Framework provides a set of interfaces and classes to manage groups of objects. It includes data structures like lists, sets, queues, and maps, each with specific implementations like ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, and HashMap. Sorting and comparison are supported through the Comparable and Comparator interfaces.
Spring Framework
Spring Framework is a powerful, flexible framework for building enterprise applications. It introduces concepts like Dependency Injection (DI) and Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) to enhance modularity. Bean scopes and configurations are customizable, and Spring Boot simplifies the setup and deployment of Spring applications.
Spring Boot
Spring Boot streamlines the development of RESTful web services. It provides tools for building and testing APIs, with annotations like @RestController, @RequestMapping, and @RequestBody. Spring Boot also supports various HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and facilitates the development of modern web applications.

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