Indian Physiography – Physical Features Shaping the Indian Subcontinent

Описание: Indian physiography refers to the study of the physical landscape and relief features of India, which play a crucial role in determining climate, agriculture, biodiversity, settlement, and economic activities. Due to its vast geographical extent and complex geological history, India exhibits remarkable diversity in its landforms.

India is broadly divided into six major physiographic divisions. The first and most prominent is the Northern Mountains, which include the Himalayas—the world’s youngest and highest fold mountains. They act as a climatic barrier, protect India from cold winds, and are the source of perennial rivers such as the Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra.

South of the Himalayas lies the Northern Plains, formed by the deposition of alluvium brought by rivers. This region is highly fertile and densely populated, supporting agriculture on a large scale.

The Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass of India, composed of hard igneous and metamorphic rocks. It includes the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau and is rich in minerals such as coal, iron, manganese, and bauxite.

Bordering the plateau are the Indian Desert (Thar) in the west and the Coastal Plains along the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The coastal plains are important for ports, fishing, and trade, while the desert region experiences extreme climatic conditions and unique ecosystems.

Finally, the Islands—the Andaman & Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea—form another important physiographic unit with strategic and ecological significance.

Indian physiography influences monsoon patterns, river systems, natural resources, and human activities. For students preparing for NDA, CDS, and other competitive exams, understanding physiographic divisions is essential as it forms the foundation of Indian geography and environmental studies.

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