Lithium Deposits in India: 5.9 Million Ton - G3 Inferred Mineral Exploration | GS Prelims UPSC

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The Geological Survey of India estimates it has discovered 5.9 million tons of lithium resources in the mountainous Salal-Haimana area of the Reasi district in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
While Chile has the largest lithium reserves in the world, China leads in lithium-refining capacities. It’s going to take long for the rocks from the mines in Kashmir to make it to the smartphone in the pocket or bonnet of the car next door. It will take huge investments in research & development and industrial processes to make this happen.
Lithium- ‘White Gold’
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that has earned the moniker “white gold” due to its great demand in the global energy markets. Lithium serves a variety of purposes and is an essential part of the electrochemical cells used in the batteries for electric vehicles, laptops, smartphones, and other electronic gadgets.


In geological terminology, ‘inferred’ is used for a mineral resource for which there is geological evidence of its presence, but it is not a verified resource and lacks evidence of its continuity. The tonnage, grade and mineral content of an ‘inferred’ resource can only be estimated with a low level of confidence.
G3 is part of an internationally accepted four-level classification of different stages of mineral exploration under the United Nations Framework Classification and associated mineral content rules. In this, G4 means reconnaissance survey with only indirect evidence of a mineral, while G3 denotes estimates inferred based on the interpretation of geological, geophysical and geochemical data. G2 gives a reasonable indication of the continuity of a resource, and G1 indicates detailed exploration.
Way back in the mid-1990s, traces of lithium had been found in Kashmir and based on an analysis of over 800 samples, the GSI had then concluded that “higher values of lithium are persistent throughout the belt (where bauxite column is exposed); bauxite column has wide and more exposures in Salal-Ransuh area.”