CLASS-12 CHEMISTRY NCERT CHEP-4 Topic-Application of d-block elements By ALPA PARMAR

Описание: Application of d-block elements

The d-block elements (often called the transition metals) are the workhorses of the periodic table. Because they have partially filled d-orbitals, they possess unique properties like variable oxidation states, magnetic behavior, and the ability to form complex ions.
​Here is how these elements power everything from industrial manufacturing to the biological processes keeping you alive.
​1. Industrial Catalysis
​This is arguably their most important application. Transition metals can lend or accept electrons easily, making them perfect "middlemen" for chemical reactions.
​Iron (Fe): Used in the Haber Process to synthesize ammonia for fertilizers.
​Vanadium (V_2O_5): Acts as a catalyst in the Contact Process to produce sulfuric acid.
​Nickel (Ni): Used for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils (making margarine).
​Platinum (Pt) & Palladium (Pd): Found in your car's catalytic converter to turn toxic exhaust gases into less harmful carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
​2. Construction and Engineering
​Because of their strong metallic bonding (involving both s and d electrons), these metals are exceptionally strong and have high melting points.
​Iron & Manganese: Iron is the primary component of steel; adding Manganese increases its strength and resistance to wear.
​Titanium (Ti): Prized for its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. It is used extensively in aerospace (jet engines) and medical implants like hip replacements.
​Chromium (Cr): Used in "chrome plating" and stainless steel to prevent rusting and provide a shiny finish.
​3. Electronics and Energy
​The high conductivity of d-block elements makes them essential for modern technology.
​Copper (Cu): The gold standard (ironically) for electrical wiring due to its superior conductivity.
​Silver (Ag): Used in high-end electronics and solar panels.
​Zinc (Zn): Used in galvanization (coating iron to prevent rust) and as the anode in many alkaline batteries.
​4. Biological Importance
​Life wouldn't function without these "trace elements." They usually sit at the center of large protein molecules to facilitate oxygen transport or electron transfer.
​Iron (Fe): The heart of the hemoglobin molecule, which carries oxygen in your blood.
​Cobalt (Co): A key component of Vitamin B12, essential for nerve function and DNA synthesis.
​Zinc (Zn): Essential for the function of over 300 enzymes in the human body.
​5. Pigments and Aesthetics
​Transition metal ions are famous for their vibrant colors, which arise from d-d electronic transitions.
​Chromium: Gives rubies their red color.
​Cobalt: Used to create "Cobalt Blue" glass and paints.
​Titanium Dioxide (TiO_2): The most widely used white pigment in the world, found in everything from house paint to sunscreen and powdered donuts.
​Quick Reference Table