UNCLOS 1982 | Maritime Zones, Jurisdiction & Innocent Passage | Mates exam

Описание: UNCLOS 1982 Explained | Maritime Zones, Jurisdiction & Innocent Passage | Merchant Navy

This video provides a **clear and exam-oriented explanation of UNCLOS 1982 (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)**, covering maritime zones, coastal state jurisdiction, and the concept of innocent passage.

Designed especially for **Merchant Navy officers, MMD orals, and nautical science students**, this session breaks down complex legal concepts into simple, practical explanations relevant for shipboard operations and exams.

⚓ MARITIME ZONES EXPLAINED UNDER UNCLOS 1982

📌 Internal Waters
• All waters landward of the baseline (ports, rivers, harbours)
• Foreign vessels require *permission* to enter
• *No right of innocent passage*

📌 Territorial Sea – 12 Nautical Miles
• Full sovereignty of the coastal state
• Foreign vessels allowed *Innocent Passage*
• Passage must be continuous, expeditious, and non-prejudicial
• Fishing, stopping, spying, or pollution not permitted
• Warships and submarines are generally restricted

📌 Contiguous Zone – 24 Nautical Miles
• Limited control for:
– Customs
– Fiscal laws
– Immigration
– Sanitary regulations
• Must be *formally claimed through DOALOS*

📌 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – 200 Nautical Miles
• Coastal state has **sovereign rights**, not full sovereignty
• Rights include:
– Fishing
– Oil & gas exploration
– Wind and water energy
– Marine resource exploitation
• Requires *formal declaration through DOALOS*

📌 Continental Shelf – Up to 350 Nautical Miles
• Rights over seabed and subsoil resources
• Includes seabed mining and marine scientific research
• Must be *formally applied for and approved*

🌍 INTERNATIONAL STRAITS & TRANSIT PASSAGE
• Applies to straits used for international navigation
• Allows *continuous and expeditious transit passage*
• Broader than innocent passage

📐 BASELINE
• Drawn along the *lowest astronomical tide*
• All maritime zones are measured from the baseline

📌 IMPORTANT LEGAL POINT
• Territorial Sea is *automatic* under UNCLOS
• Contiguous Zone, EEZ, and Continental Shelf *must be claimed*
• Claims are submitted to *DOALOS (UN Headquarters, New York)*

📅 UNCLOS TIMELINE
• Adopted: *1982*
• Entered into force: *16 November 1994*

🎓 EXAM & PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE
✔ Very common MMD oral questions
✔ Essential for navigation, passage planning & compliance
✔ Frequently tested in nautical science exams
✔ Critical for understanding coastal state authority


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