Metamorphic Rocks Explained | Rock Cycle, Metamorphism & Geography Basics | UPSC

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In this lecture, we explain Metamorphic Rocks in a step-by-step and concept-based manner, connecting them clearly with igneous and sedimentary rocks through the rock cycle. This topic is extremely important for UPSC Prelims, State PSCs, and Geography optional basics.

🔸 What are Metamorphic Rocks?

Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks (mainly sedimentary or igneous)
are subjected to intense heat and pressure

This transformation process is known as metamorphism

The word meta means after, indicating change after formation

🔸 Rock Cycle Explained (Conceptual Flow)

Magma → Lava → Igneous Rock

Lava cools and solidifies on the Earth’s surface

Igneous Rock → Sediments

Weathering and erosion (exogenetic processes) break rocks into loose material

Sediments → Sedimentary Rock

Deposition, compaction, cementation, and lithification occur

Sedimentary Rock → Metamorphic Rock

Overlying layers increase pressure and temperature

Atomic and molecular structures change

Metamorphic Rock → Magma (Optional Stage)

Under extreme conditions, rocks may melt again

This entire process forms the rock cycle, which has no fixed time period and may take
millions or billions of years.

🔸 Causes of Metamorphism

Increase in pressure due to overlying rock layers

Increase in temperature with depth inside Earth’s crust

Change in density, texture, and mineral composition

🔸 Key Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

Formed from pre-existing rocks

Change in structure, appearance, and properties

Harder and denser than sedimentary rocks

No fossils due to intense heat and pressure

🔸 Why This Topic is Important for Exams

Frequently asked in UPSC Prelims (NCERT-based questions)

Important for Physical Geography fundamentals

Helps in understanding Earth processes and rock transformation

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