Chapter No 6 # Kingdom Prokaryotes| Gram staining Technique|11th Class Biology| Vision Academy|

Описание: Here's a comprehensive overview of Gram-positive (Gram +) and Gram-negative (Gram -) bacteria:

Gram-Positive (Gram +) Bacteria
Characteristics
1. *Thick peptidoglycan layer*: 20-80 nanometers thick, providing structural support and protection.
2. *Teichoic acids*: Present in the cell wall, helping maintain the cell's shape and providing antigenic properties.
3. *Lipoteichoic acids*: Anchor teichoic acids to the cell membrane.

Examples
1. *Staphylococcus aureus*: Commonly found on human skin and mucous membranes.
2. *Bacillus subtilis*: Found in soil and used as a model organism in research.
3. *Clostridium difficile*: Causes diarrhea and colitis, especially in hospitalized patients.
4. *Streptococcus pneumoniae*: Causes pneumonia, meningitis, and other infections.

Gram-Negative (Gram -) Bacteria
Characteristics
1. *Thin peptidoglycan layer*: 2-3 nanometers thick, providing less structural support.
2. *Outer membrane*: Contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and proteins, helping maintain the cell's shape and providing protection.
3. *Periplasmic space*: Region between the inner and outer membranes, containing enzymes and other proteins.

Examples
1. *Escherichia coli (E. coli)*: Commonly found in human intestines and used as a model organism in research.
2. *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*: Causes respiratory infections, especially in people with cystic fibrosis.
3. *Salmonella enterica*: Causes food poisoning and other gastrointestinal infections.
4. *Neisseria gonorrhoeae*: Causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection.

Understanding the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is crucial in medicine, as it helps guide antibiotic treatment and infection control strategies.
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