UNIT 4 | ONE SHOT | ULTRASONICS | SPPU PUNE UNIVERSITY | 2024 PATTERN

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UNIT 1:- LASERS & OPTIC FIBERS
Laser: Spontaneous and stimulated emission, population inversion, pumping, active medium & active center, resonant cavity; Characteristics of lasers, CO2 laser: construction and working, Engineering applications of laser (IT, medical, industry), Holography (recording, reconstruction, applications); Optical
Optical fibers: Critical angle, acceptance angle, acceptance cone, numerical aperture, total internal reflection and propagation of laser; Classification of optical fibers: Single mode & multimode, step index & graded index, Attenuation: attenuation coefficient, causes of attenuation; Advantages of optical fiber communication, numerical problems on parameters of optical fiber.

UNIT 2:- Quantum Physics
de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves, de Broglie wavelength for a particle accelerated by KE “E” and a charged particle accelerated by PD “V”, properties of matter waves; Wave function and probability density, mathematical conditions for wave function, problems on de Broglie wavelength; Need and significance of Schrödinger’s equations, Schrödinger’s time independent and time dependent equations; Energy of a particle enclosed in a rigid box and related numerical problems; Quantum mechanical tunneling, alpha particle decay, principle and applications of STM; Principles of quantum computing: concept of qbit, superposition and entanglement, comparison of classical & quantum computing, potential applications of quantum computing

UNIT 3:- Wave optics
Interference in thin film of uniform thickness, conditions of maxima and minima for reflected system; Conditions for maxima and minima for wedge shaped film (qualitative), engineering applications – ARC, determination of optical flatness; Numerical problems on thin film and wedge shaped film; Types of polarization: Unpolarized, Polarized, PPL, CPL and EPL, Malu’s law and related numerical problems; Double refraction: geometry of calcite crystal, Huygens’ theory; Engineering applications of polarization: LCD, communication & radar, 3D movies (recording, projection).

UNIT 4:-
Semiconductor Physics: Valence band, conduction band, band gap energy, classification of solids on the basis of band theory; Fermi level and Fermi energy for metal, FD distribution function and its temperature dependence, position of Fermi level in intrinsic semiconductors (derivation); Fermi level for extrinsic semiconductors, working of PN junction diode on the basis of Fermi energy; Solar cell: principle, working, IV-characteristics, efficiency and fill factor, measures to improve efficiency of solar cell, advantages and applications in environmental sustainability; Hall effect: derivation for Hall voltage and Hall coefficient and related numerical problems. Ultrasonics: Characteristics and properties of ultrasonic waves, Generation of ultrasonic waves by inverse piezoelectric effect (using transistor); Engineering applications - thickness measurement, flaw detection and related numerical problems.

UNIT 5:-
Nanoparticles: Quantum confinement and its effect on properties of nanoparticles, synthesis methods - ball milling and Physical Vapor Deposition; Properties of nanoparticles (optical, electrical, mechanical, magnetic); Applications of nanotechnology: Electronics (GMR effect and its application in read-write head of HDD), automobiles, environmental & energy, medical field (targeted drug delivery). Superconductivity: Temperature dependence of resistivity, critical magnetic field, critical current, Meissner effect and perfect diamagnetism; Type I and Type II Superconductors, Numerical problems on critical magnetic field; Formation of Cooper pairs, DC and AC Josephson effect, SQUID: working principle and applications; Engineering applications: electronics, principle of Maglev train.