|Introduction of titration and important formulas| lecture #1 PBA 2nd year chemistry Federal board

Описание: Introduction of Titration

Titration is a quantitative analytical technique used in chemistry to determine the unknown concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (called standard solution).

In titration, the solution of unknown concentration is taken in a conical flask, while the standard solution is filled in a burette. The reaction is allowed to proceed slowly until the end point is reached, which is usually indicated by a color change of an indicator.

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#ChemistryExamPreparationTitration is widely used in laboratories because it is:

Accurate

Simple

Economical

Reliable for volumetric analysis



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Key Terms Used in Titration

1. Titrant

The solution of known concentration taken in the burette.

2. Analyte

The solution of unknown concentration taken in the conical flask.

3. Standard Solution

A solution whose concentration is precisely known.

4. Indicator

A chemical substance that changes color at or near the end point (e.g., phenolphthalein, methyl orange).

5. End Point

The stage at which the indicator changes color.

6. Equivalence Point

The point at which chemically equivalent amounts of reactants have reacted completely.


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Types of Titration (Brief)

Acid–Base Titration → Neutralization reaction

Redox Titration → Oxidation–reduction reaction

Precipitation Titration → Formation of precipitate

Complexometric Titration → Formation of complex



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Important Formulas Used in Titration

1. Basic Titration Formula

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

Where:

M₁ = Molarity of solution 1

V₁ = Volume of solution 1

M₂ = Molarity of solution 2

V₂ = Volume of solution 2


👉 This formula is used when the reaction ratio is 1 : 1.


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2. General Formula (When Ratio is Not 1:1)

M₁V₁ / n₁ = M₂V₂ / n₂

Where:

n₁, n₂ = Stoichiometric coefficients from balanced equation



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3. Normality Formula

N₁V₁ = N₂V₂

Where:

N = Normality

V = Volume



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4. Relationship Between Normality and Molarity

Normality (N) = Molarity (M) × n-factor|Introduction of titration and important formulas| lecture #1 PBA 2nd year chemistry Federal board