Active Verbal Memory: Encoding, Structure, and Recall | Chapter 9 – Cognitive Psychology (1967)

Описание: This exploration of active verbal memory examines how the human mind temporarily retains and processes linguistic information through a process of auditory synthesis. Central to this discussion is the concept of the memory span, often characterized by the "magic number seven," which defines the typical limit of items an individual can recall immediately after presentation. This capacity is not fixed by the amount of information in a technical sense, but rather by cognitive units known as chunks. By recoding data—such as transforming a long string of binary digits into a more complex numbering system—individuals can significantly expand their functional memory capacity. The chapter emphasizes that this storage medium is inherently linguistic and auditory; evidence shows that even when stimuli are presented visually, errors in recall usually involve items that sound similar, indicating a mandatory transition from visual to auditory representation.
The text analyzes various theoretical frameworks for memory organization, specifically contrasting the slot theory, which suggests a finite number of mental containers, with the association theory, which argues that items are linked through sequential bonds. As a compelling alternative, the chapter proposes that rhythmic structures and subjective grouping serve as the primary scaffolds for immediate recall, suggesting that the memory span is essentially a limit on our ability to organize extended temporal sequences. The discussion also addresses the mechanisms of forgetting, weighing the merits of decay theory—the idea that traces fade over time—against interference theory, which posits that new information displaces the old. Ultimately, the chapter suggests that what we call rehearsal is a continuous act of resynthesizing and renewing these internal auditory constructions, providing a bridge between fleeting sensory echoes and the more permanent structures of long-term memory and language.

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