Taxonomic Evidences of Molecular data || BSc 2nd year Botany 3rd Semester || Taxonomy

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Taxonomy is the branch of biological science that deals with the classification and identification of organisms. Modern taxonomy relies not only on traditional morphological features but also on advanced scientific evidence from molecular data, cytology, palynology, and phytochemistry to establish accurate relationships among species.

Molecular data provide the most precise information about genetic makeup through DNA sequencing, RNA analysis, and protein profiling. It helps in identifying evolutionary relationships and detecting genetic variations even among closely related species. Techniques such as PCR and electrophoresis are widely used to compare molecular similarities and differences.

Cytology, the study of cell structure and chromosomes, offers crucial taxonomic evidence. The number, size, and structure of chromosomes (karyotype analysis) help scientists understand species relationships and evolutionary patterns. Cytological data often confirm or correct traditional classifications based on morphology.

Palynology, the study of pollen grains and spores, also supports taxonomy. Pollen morphology, size, and exine patterns vary among plant species, providing valuable clues about their classification and evolutionary lineage.

Phytochemistry involves the study of plant chemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides. These chemical compounds can serve as taxonomic markers since related species often share similar chemical profiles.

Together, molecular data, cytology, palynology, and phytochemistry form the foundation of modern systematic botany. These disciplines help in understanding evolutionary relationships, biodiversity conservation, and the natural classification of plants with scientific precision.

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