Social order and Control - Basics Of Sociology

Описание: Social control
• The process of socialisation brings order , stability and predictabilty to
people’s behaviour .
• Socialisation , therefore , is also a form of social control .
• Social control is linked to the idea that human behaviour involves a
life – long process of rule – learning , built on sanctions – the things
we do to make people conform .
• The agencies of socialisation described bellow are also agencies of
social control .
Agencies of socialisation
Primary socialisation
Family
Peers

Secondary socialisation
• Agencies of secondary socialisation include schools , religious
organisations and the media .
• Parsons ( 1959a ) argued that school plays a particularly significant
role in secondary socialisation for two reasons :
1. It ‘ emancipates the child from primary attachment ’ to their family .
2. It allows children to ‘ internalise a level of socirtie’s values and norms
that is a astep higher than those learnte within families ’ .
Mass media : The media are slightly unusual secondary agencies because
our relationship with it is impersonal ; we are unlikely to meet those doing
the socialisation .
• Potter ( 2003 ) suggests that short – term effects include :
✓ Imitation .
✓ Desensitisation – the idea that constant and repeated experience of
something , such as violence or poverty , gradually lowers our
emotional reaction .
✓ Learning .
• There is also some evidence for indirect long – term effects , in that
people come to accept as ‘ natural ’ values or other aspects of social
life that are socially constructed .
• Consumerism .
• Fear .
• Agenda setting .
Religion : whether or not we see ourselves as ‘ religious ’ , religion plays a
significant role in the general socialisation process in many societies ,
particularly in relation to ceremonial functions , such as marriagesand
funerals .
Social control , conformity and resistance
The role of structure and agency in shaping the relationship
between the individual and society , including an awareness of
the differences between structuralist and interactionist views .
• The two main theories in sociology , functionalist teory and Matxist
theory , provide different interpretations of how order and control are
created and maintained .
• Both perspectives are stucturalist ( or macrosociological ) ; they
argue that how societies are organised at the at the level of families ,
governments and economies ( the institutional or system level ) ,
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determines how individuals view their world and behave within it
( structual determinism ) .
Structualists : a form of sociology , such as functionalism and
Marxism , that focuses on analysing society in terms of its institutional
relationships and their effects on individual beliefs and behaviours .
Determinism : the claim that human behaviour is shaped that refers to
three related perspectives ( phenomenology , ethnomethodology and
symbolic interactionism .
• Structuralist theories originated in the work of Durkheim and Marx .
• From a structuralist perspective , social action is the product of
deep , underlying forces in society that reach beyond the level of
individual consciousness and control .
• The way in which capitalist production of goods and services is
organised , with the workers separated from ownership of land and
factories , can be seen as an invisible system that controls the way
in which all other aspects of a society operate .
• By contrast , the functionalist perspective sees the structure of
society more in terms of the institutional arrangements required to
ensure the smooth running of society .
• For structuralists , the stablished social order represents a
powerful force that the individual has little or no freedom to
oppose .
• For structuralists , therefore , sociology should be the study of the
effects of the structure of society on social life .
• In other words , sociologists should adopt a macro or large – scale
view
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