The Forgotten Civil W4r That Changed Israeli History

Описание: Before Israel became a state, Jewish defense in Mandatory Palestine wasn’t one unified force—it was three rival underground militias with different politics, tactics, and red lines: the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi. This story follows how Arab unrest, British rule, World War II, and the refugee crisis pushed them from bitter infighting to uneasy cooperation—and finally into a single army. It also traces the last, violent test of unity in 1948, when the new state demanded one chain of command.

0:00 Intro
00:39 Middle-East After the Ottomans
02:39 Bar Giora begins
04:41 Haganah restraint
09:24 Irgun breaks away
11:01 The Palestinian Revolution
15:37 The White Paper
17:32 Lehi forms
19:23 W4r on Britain
21:54 The Saison
24:07 1947-48 w4r
25:22 One army

Sources
Shapira, Anita. Ben-Gurion: Father of Modern Israel (Jewish Lives). Yale UP, 2014.
Gordis, Daniel. Menachem Begin: The Battle for Israel’s Soul (Jewish Encounters). Schocken, 2014.
Sofer, Sasson. Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy. Cambridge UP, 1998.
Clarke, Thurston. By Blood and Fire: The Attack on the King David Hotel. Putnam, 1981.
“Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country.” Holocaust Encyclopedia, USHMM, 18 Nov 2024.
“Jewish Defense Organizations: Bar Giora.” Jewish Virtual Library.
Schwartz, Yardena. Ghosts of a Holy War: The 1929 Massacre in Palestine That Ignited the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Union Square & Co., 2024.
Kessler, Oren. Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield, 2023.
“Irgun Tz’va’i Le’umi (Etzel): Background & Overview.” Jewish Virtual Library.
Lapidot, Yehuda. “Irgun Tz’va’i Le’umi (Etzel): The Establishment of the Irgun.” Jewish Virtual Library.
“Lehi – Lohamei Herut Yisrael – The Stern Gang.” Jewish Virtual Library.
“The Haganah.” Jewish Virtual Library.
Special thanks to Sharona Eshet-Cohen for her research on LEHI.

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Image and footage credits:
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Executive Producers:
Michael Steinhardt
Co-Executive Producers:
Marc Shmuel Levine
Iris & Shalom Maidenbaum
Gold Level:
The Steinhardt Foundation for Jewish Life

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Translation credits:
Portuguese: Saymon Pires

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