India Pakistan War (1971)

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1971 Indian-Pakistani War

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 until the Pakistani capitulation in Dacca on 16 December 1971. Fighting in the western sector ended in a stalemate, but in the eastern sector, Indian-Bangladeshi forces achieved a decisive victory. In the aftermath, the new state of Bangladesh was formed.

Timeline

August 1947 - The Indian subcontinent is partitioned into the independent states of India and Pakistan

October 1947 – Start of the First India-Pakistan War

1962 – Sino-Indian War

1963 - Pakistan and China sign a border treaty, greatly improving bilateral relations

1965 – Second India-Pakistan War

1948 – 1970 – Rising tensions between East Pakistan and West Pakistan

December 1970 – A East Pakistani political party wins national elections, which triggers a political crisis

March 1971 - East Pakistan is seething with rebellion

March 25, 1971 - The Pakistani military launches an anti-dissident campaign in East Pakistan, which inflicts a heavy loss of lives and forces millions of East Pakistanis to flee into neighboring India; Bengalis rise up in rebellion and form Mukti Bahini, a guerilla militia; Bengali leaders declare secession as the independent state of Bangladesh

March 27, 1971 - India announces its support for Bangladesh’s independence and begins to covertly train and arm the Bangladeshi militias

October 1971 – Indian and Pakistani forces engage in air and medium-scale ground fighting near the East Pakistani border

December 3, 1971 - Full-scale war breaks out between India and Pakistan

December 1971 – In the western sector, the Indian Navy launches attacks in Karachi; in the air, both sides conduct raids on the other’s military installations; on land, fighting takes place in the highly volatile regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Sindh-Rajasthan

December 1971 – Indian forces launch a full-scale invasion of East Pakistan, overwhelming the undermanned defenses and forcing surrender on December 16th; with the collapse of the eastern sector, fighting in the western sector also ends

January 10, 1972 - Mujibur Rahman, the Bengali leader, returns to Bangladesh and becomes its first President

September 1974 - Bangladesh becomes a full member of the United Nations

BANGLADESH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE - Timeline

1948 - Pakistan adopts Urdu as the national language, sparking criticism in the Bengali-speaking east

1950s – 1960s – Tensions grow between east and west because of political, economic, and social differences and inequalities

1965 – In the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, Pakistan allocates massive military resources in the west, generating criticism in the east, which is defended only by an understrength force

1965 - Pakistan implements the “One Unit Scheme”, which is also criticized in the east

1968 - East-west relations had deteriorated considerably that the central government has begun to accuse Bengali politicians of conspiring with India for East Pakistan’s secession

November 1970 - A powerful cyclone hits East Pakistan

December 1970 – In general elections, the leading East Pakistani party is victorious, but its leader, Mujibur Rahman, is prevented from becoming become Prime Minister

January-March 1971 - East Pakistan is seething with rebellion, with widespread street protests breaking out in response to Mujibur’s call for civil disobedience

March 25, 1971 - The Pakistan military begins a campaign to suppress dissent in East Pakistan; hundreds of thousands are killed and some ten million flee into neighboring India; Mujibur declares East Pakistan’s independence as the new nation of Bangladesh

April 1971 – Bengali civilians organize into militia groups collectively known as Mukti Bahini; they are soon joined by defecting Bengali soldiers of the Pakistani Army

May 1975 - India is prepared to become directly involved by invading East Pakistan

October 1971 – Indian and Pakistani forces engage in border clashes in East Pakistan

On December 3, 1971 - Full-scale war break out between India and Pakistan

December 4, 1971 - Indian and Bangladeshi forces invade East Pakistan

December 16, 1971 – Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrender

January 10, 1972 – Mujibur Rahman returns to Bangladesh and becomes its first President

September 1974 – Bangladesh becomes a full member of the United Nations