Currier & Ives 柯里爾和艾夫斯 (1857-1907) Romanticism Americans

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Nathaniel Currier (1813-1888) and James Merritt Ives (1824-1895) were partners in the firm of Currier and Ives, the most important 19th-century lithographic company in America. Their prints were widely sold across the nation.
Nathaniel Currier, born in Roxbury, Mass., was apprenticed in his teens to a Boston lithographic firm. He established his own lithography business in New York City in 1835. The lithographer James Ives, born in New York City, entered into partnership with Currier in 1857. Currier retired in 1888, Ives a few years later; but the firm was carried on by their sons and flourished until 1907.
Lithography had begun in America in the 1820s. It was quicker and less expensive than engraving, hence the remarkable success of the firm of Currier and Ives. Soon after setting up business they produced extensive folios, usually based on paintings. Some of the work was crude, but the quality varied considerably. The star artists of the firm were Arthur F. Tait, who specialized in sporting scenes; Louis Maurer, who executed genre scenes; Fanny Palmer, who liked to do picturesque panoramas of the American landscape; and George H. Durrie, who supplied winter scenes.
So well known did Currier and Ives become that it was common to refer to any large mixed batch of prints as Currier and Ives prints. The firm was astoundingly prolific and produced prints on practically every aspect of the American scene. In the 1870s they issued four catalogs featuring 2800 subject titles.
Currier and Ives sometimes focused on current events. (In 1840 Currier produced what may have been the first illustrated "extra" in history when he depicted scenes of the fire that had broken out that year aboard the steamship Lexington in Long Island Sound.) Political cartoons and banners were commonly produced, like the Presidential Fishing Party of 1848, showing the candidates with fishing poles trying to hook fish on which names of various states are inscribed.
Historical prints were another field, and copies from the historical paintings of John Trumbull were especially popular. The Civil War print Battle of Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862 shows the first balloon ever used for warfare observation. Sentimental prints included one showing a married couple walking along a riverbank and another showing a girl taking care of her little sister. There were also prints for children, such as Robinson Crusoe and His Pets and Noah's Ark; country and pioneer home scenes, which included Early Winter, a beautiful scene of people skating on a frozen pond before a snow-covered country cottage; and lithographed sheet music. Still other categories were Mississippi River prints, including On the Mississippi Loading Cotton and Midnight Race on the Mississippi; railroad prints that sometimes featured minute descriptions of trains, as in "Lightning Express" Trains Leaving the Junction; and home prints, which were produced in especially large quantities.
Currier and Ives avoided controversial subjects, although there was at least one print showing the branding of slaves prior to embarkation from Africa. Prints of sporting events focused on prize fights (like the 1835 match between John C. Heeman and the English champion Tom Sayers), boat races, and even, in the early stages of its development, baseball.
As America expanded, so did the demand for Currier and Ives prints. Today they provide a vivid picture of daily life in 19th-century America.
納撒尼爾·柯里爾 Nathaniel Currier（1813-1888）和詹姆·斯梅里特·艾夫斯 James Merritt Ives（1824-1895）曾是美國最重要的19世紀平版印刷公司Currier和Ives公司的合夥人。他們的照片在全國范圍內廣泛銷售。
出生在馬薩諸塞州羅克斯伯里的Nathaniel Currier在十幾歲的時候在波士頓的一家平版印刷公司工作。 1835年，他在紐約市建立了自己的光刻業務。出生於紐約市的平版畫家詹姆士伊夫斯於1857年與柯里爾合作。柯爾於1888年退休，幾年後退休。但這家公司是由他們的兒子繼續經營的，一直到1907年。
十九世紀二十年代，平版印刷術開始於美國。它比雕刻更快也更便宜，因此柯里爾和艾夫斯公司的顯著成功。創業後不久，他們製作了大量的作品集，通常以繪畫作品為基礎。一些工作很粗糙，但質量差別很大。該公司的明星藝術家是Arthur F. Tait，他擅長運動場景;執行流派場面的路易·毛雷爾;范妮帕爾默，誰喜歡做美麗的風景如畫的全景;和提供冬季場景的George H. Durrie。
如此眾所周知的是，柯里爾和艾夫斯成為通常將任何大型混合印刷品稱為柯里爾和艾夫斯印刷品。該公司驚人地多產，幾乎在美國現場的每個方面都製作了印刷品。在十九世紀七十年代，他們發布了四個目錄，其中有2800個題目。
Currier和Ives有時專注於時事。 （1840年，柯里爾製作了可能是歷史上第一次說明“額外”的東西，當時他描繪了當年在長島峽灣的列剋星敦汽船上爆發的火災情景。）政治漫畫和橫幅廣泛出現，如1848年的總統捕魚會，展示了釣竿釣魚的候選人，這些釣魚釣魚者將登上各州的名字。
歷史版畫是另一個領域，John Trumbull的歷史畫作的複製品尤為流行。 1862年5月31日弗吉尼亞州費爾奧克斯戰役的內戰期間展示了用於戰爭觀察的第一個氣球。青澀的版畫包括一張展示一對已婚夫婦沿著河岸漫步的照片，另一張展示一位女孩照顧她的小妹妹。還有兒童版畫，如魯濱遜漂流記和他的寵物以及諾亞方舟;鄉村和先鋒家庭的場景，其中包括早冬，一個人們在冰雪覆蓋的鄉村小屋前溜冰的美麗景色;和石版印刷樂譜。還有其他類別是密西西比河版畫，包括密西西比河上的棉花和密西西比州的午夜比賽;有時會列出火車的詳細描述，如“閃電快車”列車離開交叉路口;以及特別大量生產的家庭版畫。
柯里爾和艾夫斯避免了有爭議的話題，儘管至少有一張照片顯示了從非洲出發前的奴隸品牌。體育賽事的照片集中在獎品爭奪（比如John C. Heeman和英國冠軍Tom Sayers之間的1835比賽），賽艇比賽，甚至在其發展的早期階段，棒球。
隨著美國的擴張，對柯里爾和艾夫斯印刷品的需求也在增長。今天，他們提供了19世紀美國日常生活的生動畫面。