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A Yuga Cycle (a.k.a. chatur yuga, maha yuga, etc.) is a cyclic age (epoch) in Hindu cosmology. Each cycle lasts for 4,320,000 years (12,000 divine years) and repeats four yugas (world ages): Krita (Satya) Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga.[1]

As a Yuga Cycle progresses through the four yugas, each yuga's length and humanity's general moral and physical state within each yuga decrease by one-fourth. Kali Yuga, which lasts for 432,000 years, is believed to have started in 3102 BCE.[2][3] Near the end of Kali Yuga, when virtues are at their worst, a cataclysm and a re-establishment of dharma occur to usher in the next cycle's Satya Yuga, prophesied to occur by Kalki.[4]

There are 71 Yuga Cycles in a manvantara (age of Manu) and 1,000 Yuga Cycles in a kalpa (day of Brahma).[3
The Hindu texts describe that along with each yuga's one-fourth (25%) decrease in length, so too does humanity's general moral and physical state decrease at the same rate. Dharma is personified as a bull, whose four legs reduce by one with each new yuga, often related to Mother Earth personified as a cow.[27][28][d] Near the end of Kali Yuga, when virtues are at their worst, a cataclysm and a re-establishment of dharma occur to usher in the next cycle's Satya Yuga, prophesied to occur by Kalki.[4]

The descending yugas see a gradual decline of dharma, wisdom, knowledge, intellectual capability, lifespan, emotional and physical strength.[29][30][better source needed]

Satya Yuga (Krita Yuga, "the age of truth" or the "Hindu golden age"): the first and best yuga in a cycle. It is the age of truth and perfection. This yuga has no crime and all humans are kind and friendly. The Krita Yuga is so named because humans are long living, powerfully built, honest, youthful, vigorous, erudite and virtuous. The four Vedas are one. All mankind can attain to supreme blessedness. There is no agriculture or mining since the earth yields those riches on its own. Weather is pleasant and everyone is happy. There is no disease, decrepitude, or fear of anything. Virtue reigns supreme. This yuga starts with humans having an average lifespan of 100,000 years and stature of 21 cubits (33 ft, 6 inches).[31][better source needed]
Treta Yuga: the second yuga in a cycle. "Treta" means "third" and it has three quarters virtue and one quarter sinfulness. In this age, virtue diminishes slightly. At the beginning of the age, many emperors rise to dominance and conquer the world. Wars become frequent and weather begins to change to extremities. Agriculture, labor and mining become existent. This yuga starts with humans having an average lifespan of 10,000 years and stature of 14 cubits (22 ft, 4 inches).[32][better source needed]
Dvapara Yuga: the third yuga in a cycle. "Dvapara" means "two" and it has two quarters virtue and two quarters sinfulness. In this age, people become tainted with qualities and aren't as strong as their ancestors. Diseases become rampant. Humans are discontent and fight each other. The Vedas are divided into four parts. People still possess characteristics of youth in old age. This yuga starts with humans having an average lifespan of 1000 years and stature of 7 cubits (11 ft, 2 inches).[30][better source needed]
Kali Yuga: the last yuga in a cycle. There is one quarter virtue and three quarters sinfulness. It is the age of darkness and ignorance. People stop following dharma and lack virtue. They become slaves to their passions and are barely as powerful as their earliest ancestors of Satya Yuga. Society falls into disuse and people become liars and hypocrites. Knowledge is lost and scriptures are diminished. Humans eat forbidden and dirty food. The environment is polluted causing a scarcity in food and water. Wealth is heavily diminished. Families become non-existent. This yuga starts with humans having an average lifespan of 100 years and stature of 3.5 cubits (5 ft, 3 inches).[33]
There are 71 Yuga Cycles (306,720,000 years) in a manvantara, a period ruled by Manu, who is the progenitor of mankind.[34] There are 1,000 Yuga Cycles (4,320,000,000 years) in a kalpa, a period that is a day (12-hour day proper) of Brahma, who is the creator of the planets and first living entities. There are 14 manvantaras (4,294,080,000 years) in a kalpa with a remainder of 25,920,000 years assigned to 15 manvantara-sandhyas (junctures), each the length of a Satya Yuga (1,728,000 years). A kalpa is followed by a pralaya (night or partial dissolution) of equal length forming a full day (24-hour day). A maha-kalpa (life of Brahma) lasts for 100 360-day years of Brahma, which lasts for 72,000,000 Yuga Cycles (311.04 trillion years) and is followed by a maha-pralaya (full dissolution) of equal length.