types of majority | part-1 | with infographics | simple | absolute | effective | special |

Описание: #majority #simple_majority #special_majority

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Types of majority part-2:
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Types of majority:
Simple majority
Absolute majority
Effective majority
Special majority

Simple Majority:
Simple/working/functional majority refers to majority of more than 50% of the members present and voting.

When the law does not specify the kind of majority needed, simple majority is used for passing bills or motions.

Absolute Majority:
Absolute majority refers to the majority of more than 50% of the total strength of the house.

Such kind of majority is not required in isolation in the Indian Parliament. There are instances when such majority is needed with other majority which would be thus called special majority.


Effective Majority:
This refers to a majority of more than 50% of the effective strength of the House.
Eff. strength = Total strenght – vacant seats
Vacancies arise due to 3 reasons – Death, Disqualification, Resignation. 

In the Constitution, an effective majority is mentioned as “all the then members”.

Special Majority:
Any Majority other than simple, absolute and effective majority is called special majority. These include

Majority by two-third strength of the house (e.g. impeachment of president under article 61)

Majority by two-third of present and voting members (e.g. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest, under article 249); Certain constitution amendment bills etc.

Absolute majority + majority of two-third present and voting (e.g. Removal of Supreme Court Judge, CAG etc.)

A special majority is of 4 types, with different clauses.
Special Majority as Per Article 249.
Special Majority as per Article 368.
Special Majority as per Article 368 + 50 percent state ratification by a simple majority.
Special Majority as per Article 61.

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