How Did The Mongol Empire Conquest Europe

Описание: How Did The Mongol Empire Conquest Europe

Chapter:
0:00 Introduction
0:54 Mongol Expansion to Europe under Ogedei Khan
1:42 Invasion of The Rus' lands
3:47 Invasion of Eastern and Central Europe
4:13 Invasion of Poland
5:34 Invasion of Czech lands
6:55 Invasion of Hungary
8:32 End of the Mongol Advance

Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan in 1206, was said to be the largest contiguous land empire to ever exist in world history. At its peak, it stretched from Korea to Ukraine and from Siberia to Southern China, covering 23 million square km of territory.

Ögedei, the third son of Genghis Khan, took over from his father and ruled the Mongol Empire from 1229 - 1241. Ögedei launched an attack on the Jin dynasty of North China, and after the collapse of the Jin state in 1234, Ögedei sent Mongol armies to the west, starting his invasions of Europe.
In 1235, Batu Khan, known as a nephew of Ögedei Khan, was ordered to conquer Russia which was then called Rus’. The invasion really began when the main force, crossing the Volga River, arrived at Ryazan in Russia in December 1237. Ryazan refused to surrender, but soon later was besieged between 16 and 21 December. The Mongols then stormed through other Russian cities, including Vladimir Suzdal (today known as Suzdal town in Vladimir province) in the north, and Pereyaslav and Chernihiv (today in Ukraine) in the south. Other major cities—such as Moscow and Torzhok were captured one by one in 1238. After occupying the steppe, the Mongols returned to Russia in 1239 defeating the Polovtsian people and took control of the southern Rus’ capital of Kiev in December 1240.

After sacking Kiev, the Mongol Empire continued to invade Eastern and Central Europe. One wing moved northwest and attacked Poland, marching through Bohemia and Moravia and then attacking Hungary, while another headed south and attacked Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia (earlier the Danubian Principalities of Romany).

The Mongol army assigned to Poland was under the command of Baidar - son of Chagatai Khan, Kadan - son of Ögedei Khan and Orda Khan - a Mongol Khan and military strategist. The city of Krakow was easily captured. Breslau (Wroclaw) was the next target. Employing a tried-and-tested tactic, the Mongols gained victory in the battle of Legnica which was also the most westerly point reached.

After the victory at Legnica, the Mongols continued ravaging their way through Poland’s neighboring kingdoms, particularly the Silesian - Moravian region. During the Mongol invasion, Bohemia under Wenceslaus' commander remained one of a few European kingdoms that was never conquered by the Mongols. After several attempts to capture Bohemia failed, Baidar and Kadan continued raiding Moravia before finally going southward to reunite with Batu and Subutai in Hungary.

The Mongol attack of Hungary was conducted with five distinct armies. On 15 March, the Mongol vanguard reached the city of Pest in Hungary and began to pillage the neighboring area. Around this time, several Hungarian forces were defeated by the Mongols. On April 10, 1241, the Hungarian armies, under the command of King Bela IV, arrived and encamped at the Sajó River. After the heavier-than-expected losses inflicted by the Hungarian crossbowmen, the Mongols modified their plan and crashed King Bela’s army at the Battle of Mohi, forcing King Béla IV to flee into Croatia. On Christmas Day, despite virtually destroying the entire city, the Mongols failed to siege Esztergom - the capital and economic center of the Kingdom of Hungary. A new capital was then moved to Budapest. Despite gaining control of Hungary, the Mongols could not occupy several fortified cities such as Fehérvár, Veszprém, Tihany,

Besides Poland and Hungary, Croatia, Austria and Bulgaria were also affected by the Mongol invasion. However, the advance of the Mongols in Europe and the Near East (now can be known as the Middle East) was halted by the death of the Great Khan Ögedei on December 11, 1241.
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