CSS 2026 Expected Question: Civil–Military Relations & Security | Democracy & Internal Stability

Описание: CSS 2026 Expected Question | Civil–Military Relations, Security & Reform Agenda: Democracy, Political & Internal Stability in Pakistan

Introduction
Civil–military relations remain one of the most high-scoring and repeatedly tested themes in CSS and PMS examinations, particularly under Pakistan Affairs, Current Affairs, and Essay papers. For CSS 2026, the nexus between democracy, internal security, and political stability is expected to appear as a direct or analytical question. Understanding this topic is crucial for aspirants aiming to write balanced, constitutional, and reform-oriented answers aligned with FPSC trends.

Historical Context
Since 1947, Pakistan’s civil–military relations have evolved through cycles of military interventions, weak civilian institutions, and security-centric governance. Repeated coups, prolonged military regimes, and hybrid arrangements have shaped state behavior, often prioritizing security over democratic consolidation. This historical imbalance continues to influence policymaking and institutional trust.

Impacts on Democratic Consolidation
Civil–military imbalance has constrained parliamentary supremacy, civilian oversight, and rule of law. Democratic continuity has been disrupted, leading to weak political parties and limited institutional development. CSS examiners increasingly expect aspirants to link democracy with constitutionalism and civilian capacity-building rather than personalities.

Impacts on Internal Security Operations
The military’s dominant role in counterterrorism and internal security operations—such as counterinsurgency and urban security—has brought operational success but raised concerns about civilian marginalization, governance gaps, and long-term sustainability. A whole-of-state approach is now emphasized in modern security discourse.

Impacts on Political Stability
Political instability in Pakistan is closely tied to institutional overlap, legitimacy crises, and confrontational politics. Frequent government changes weaken economic planning and national cohesion, making stability a central theme for CSS 2026 analytical questions.

Major Factors Behind Civil–Military Imbalance
Key factors include weak civilian institutions, governance failures, security threats, lack of political consensus, and public perception of efficiency. Aspirants should connect these factors with structural rather than individual explanations.

Critical Analysis
While the military’s role has been shaped by national security imperatives, long-term stability requires constitutional balance, transparency, and democratic maturity. Excessive securitization risks undermining political legitimacy and governance.

Reform Agenda for Political & Internal Stability
Reforms must focus on parliamentary oversight, civilian capacity-building, security sector reforms, rule of law, and inclusive policymaking. Strengthening democracy is not anti-security; rather, it is essential for sustainable internal stability.

Rapid-Fire MCQs (Practice Focus)
This topic also yields high-value MCQs on constitutional provisions, civil–military theories, internal security frameworks, and past FPSC trends, making it essential for objective preparation.
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