What Causes Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

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This video describes the possible causes of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). In mental health research the study of causation is referred to as “etiology.” Narcissistic Personality Disorder is characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with unlimited success, feeling too special to be understood by regular people, needing excessive admiration, a sense of entitlement, being interpersonally exploitative, having a lack of empathy, being envious and others and believe others are envious of them, and being arrogant. Oftentimes an individual with Narcissistic Personality Disorder wants to be recognized as superior, believes they are so complex and amazing that they can only be understood by special people, has low self-esteem, devalues the contributions of others, and is condescending. Criticism is not well received by most people with Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Comorbid disorders include other personality disorders (e.g. Antisocial Personality Disorder), Anorexia Nervosa, and substance use disorders (especially cocaine use disorder). The prevalence of Narcissistic Personality Disorder is about 1%. Common goals in mental health treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder include adjusting behavior to improve relationships, developing skills resolve employment and career issues, and increasing insight. Clinically significant distress is required for a diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder as stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).
Some possible causes for narcissistic personality disorder in genetics (heritability), brain structure, and stressors (environmentability). Heritability accounts for somewhere between 40% and 65% to the development of NPD. Some structural changes in the brain have also been identified. Experiences in early childhood may also contribute to the development of narcissistic personality disorder. Risk factors include when a child receives excessive praise and also excessive criticism, lack of parental empathy, praise for abilities or appearance instead of other characteristics, and an emphasis on status or achieving success. Other potential ideological factors include emotional abuse and neglect.