Steam distillation | To calculate the efficiency of steam distillation |Part 1

Описание: #Steam distillation | To calculate the efficiency of steam distillation |Part 1

#Aim: To Calculate the efficiency of Steam Distillation.

#Requirements:
#Apparatus: Steam generator, Distillation flask, Condenser, Separating funnels, Nitrobenzene, Double holed rubber cork, Measuring beaker (Cylinder), Thermometer, Bent tubes, Weighing balance and Weights.
#Chemical:
Sodium chloride.

#Principle:
Steam Distillation is a separation process for temperature sensitive substances. It is a way of separating miscible liquid based on their volatilities. The boiling points of the products are minimized, permitting the constituents to be vaporized. Here no chemical reaction takes place. The fundamental nature of steam distillation is that it enables a compound or mixture of compounds to be distilled (and subsequently recovered) at a temperature substantially below that of the boiling points of the individual constituents. For example: Essential oils contain substances with boiling points up to 200°C or higher, including some that are solids at normal temperatures. In the presence of steam or boiling weter, however, these substances are volatilized at a temperature close to 100°C at atmospheric pressure. The mixture of hot vapours will, if allowed to pass through a corling system, condense to forma liquid in which the oil and water comprise two distinct layers. Most (but not all) essential oils are lighter than water and form the top layer.

#Theory:
Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compound. This technique is used for separating substances which are immiscible with water, volatile and having high vapour pressure at the boiling temperature of water. It is also used for purifying liquids which decompose at their normal boiling points. Steam distillation can be applied in case if the substance is very sensitive to heat. Vapors are condensed after distillation process. Miscibility is a characteristic of a mixture that would mix well in right proportion leading to the formation of homogeneous mixtures. When such immiscible mixtures are heated, it involves the conversion of liquid to vapour phase. Here vapour pressure is extracted independently by an individual constituent on its own

#Applications:
1. Steam distillation is used in the isolation of essential oils, for use in perfumes.
E.g. In this method, steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils. Eucalyptus oil and orange oil are obtained by this method on an industrial scaie.
2. Steam distillation is also sometimes used to separate intermediate or final during the synthesis of complex organic compounds.
3 Steam distillation is also widely used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants where it is commonly referred to as steam stripping.

#Procedure:
1. Measure and take 50 ml of nitrobenzene in a distillation flask.
2. Close the flask with two holed rubber cork. Insert thermometer through one of the holes and fix.
3 Through the other hole, fix a bent tube of the steam generator for the steam to pass into the distillation flask.
4. Ensure that the bent tube reaches almost near bottom of the flask but not touching the flask.
5. Fix the side tube of the neck of the distillation flask to the condenser.
6. Now, allow the steam to pass into the distillation flask continuously from the steam generator.
7. When the thermometer shows a constant temperature at which the mixture of nitrobenzene and steam distills, collect the distillate for 10 minutes into a previously weighed beaker.
8. Determine the weight of the mixture and beaker.
9. Transfer the distillate into a separate funnel and add a few grams of sodium chloride. Shake the funnel vigorously till nitrobenzene and water get separated
10. Collect nitrobenzene separately and denote its weight.
11. Collect water separately and denote its weight.

#Calculation:
1. Molecular weight of water 18.016 (Mb)
2. Molecular weight of nitrobenzene = 123.126 (Ma)
3. Boiling point of water = 98°C
4. At 98°C vapor pressure of water = 707.27 mm of mercury
5. Atmospheric pressure = 760 mm of mercury
6. Vapor pressure of nitrobenzene = 760 -707.27 = 52.73 mm of mercury
7. Weight of the beaker = W1
8. Weight of the beaker + distillate = W2
9. Weight of the beaker + nitrobenzene (Nitrobenzene after separation distillate) = W3
10. Weight of nitrobenzene = Wa = W3- W1
11. Weight of beaker + Water (weight of water after separation from the distillate) = W4
12. Weight of water = Wb = W4-W1
13. Practical yield Wa/Wb
14. Theoretical yield= Ma x Pa/Mb x Pb
Percentage efficiency of steam distillation =Practical yield/ Theoretical yield x 100

#Result:
Percentage efficiency of Steam distillation is….

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