Hypsikrates, The Transgender Spouse Of Mithradates | Ancient Transgender History

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All voices by Sophie Edwards (yes, even that one)

This video was filmed in the territory of the Chippewa of the Thames, the Oneida of the Thames, & the Muncey Delaware nations. I am immensely grateful to the stewards of this land & hope to work toward healing wounds & creating a more equitable world.

00:00 - Introduction
04:55 - Chapter I: Mithradates: Rome's Fearsome Adversary
12:14 - Chapter II: The Life Of Hypsikrates
26:48 - Chapter III: What We Know About Hypsikrates
37:52 - Chapter IV: Is There Another Plausible Explanation Here?
55:51 - Chapter V: Was He Really Called Hypsikrates?
1:07:58 - Chapter VI: The Fate Of Hypsikrates And A Possible Afterlife
1:15:35 - Epilogue & Credits
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Ancient Sources Used:
►Ammianus Marcellinus – History, trans J.C. Rolfe (1935)
►Appian Of Alexandria – Roman History, trans Horace White (1913)
►Aulus Gellius – Attic Nights, trans J.C. Rolfe (1927)
►Cassius Dio – Historia Romana, trans Earnest Cary & Herbert B. Foster (1914)
►Herodotus – Historia, trans George Rawlinson (1996)
►John Tzetzes – Posthomerica, trans Ana Untila (2014)
►Justin - Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories, trans Rev J.S. Watson (1853)
►Memnon – History Of Heraclea, trans Andrew Smith (2004)
►Polyaenus – Stratagems In War, trans R. Shepherd (1793)
►Pliny The Elder – Natural History, trans John Bostock & H.T. Riley (1855)
►Plutarch – On The Virtues Of Women, trans Frank Cole Babbitt (1931)
►Plutarch – Life of Pompey, trans Bernadotte Perrin (1917)
►Pseudo-Diogenes – The Cynic Epistles, trans Abraham J Malherbe (1977)
►Pseudo-Lucian – Macrobii, trans Andrew Smith (2018)
►Strabo – Geographia, trans Horace Leonard Jones (1928)
►Valerius Maximus – Memorable Doings And Sayings Book 4 trans D.R. Shackleton Bailey (2000)
►Virgil – The Aeneid, trans Robert Fagles (2006)

Modern Sources Used:
►Anderson, J.G.C – Pompey’s Campaign Against Mithradates (1922)
►Ballesteros-Pastor, Luis – A Neglected Epithet Of Mithradates Eupator (2014)
►Bremner, Jan - Shamanism in Classical Scholarship:
Where are We Now? (2016)
►Cunliffe, Barry – The Scythians (2019)
►Dover, KJ – Greek Homosexuality (1978)
►Gabelko, Oleg – A Historical And Epigraphic Commentary On Hypsicrateia’s Epitaph (2013)
►Mayor, Adrienne – The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women Across the Ancient World (2014)
►Mayor, Adrienne, John Colaruso, and David Saunders – Making Sense Of Nonsense Inscriptions Associated With Amazons And Scythians On Athenian Vases (2014)
►Mayor, Adrienne – The Poison King (2009)
►Facella, Margherita – Cross-Dressing Between Greece And The Orient (2017)
►La Guardia, Fiorella – Aspects Of Transvestism In Greek Myths And Rituals (2017)
►Sapsford, Tom - Unmanly Men And The Flexible Meaning Of Kinaidos In Classical Antiquity (2022)
►Sherwin-White, Adrian Nicholas – Roman Foreign Policy In The East (1984)

Images:
►Spartacus photo by Carole Raddato CC2.0
►Cicero bust by Marry Harrsch CC4.0
►Pompey bust by Carole Raddato CC2.0
►Crassus bust by Sergey Sosnovskiy CC4.0
►Marius bust by Marie-Lan Nguyen CC3.0
►Rome 300 BCE map by Rome CC3.0
►First Punic War map by Harrias CC4.0
►Map of Alexander's Empire by Generic Mapping Tools CC3.0
►Diadochi Map C. 301 BCE by Luigi Chiesa CC4.0
►Ptolemy as Pharaoh by Stella CC4.0
►Seleucus statue by Massimo Finizio CC2.0
►Coin of Mithradates v by Mark Cartwright CC4.0
►Roman helm vector by vectorportal.com CC4.0
►Amazons on the Parthenon and Amazon pottery by Egisto Sani CC2.0
►Amazon pottery 2 by ArchaiOptix CC4.0
►Statue of Penthesilea by Marie-Lan Nguyen CC2.5
►Excavations in Phanagoria by Kmorozov CC3.0

Audio:
►Rainbow Falls by Purrple Cat | https://purrplecat.com CC3.0
►in one place -9st by ikkun (ex. Barradeen) |   / ikkunwastaken   CC3.0
►Rooftop and Hot Pepper by Alex-Productions | https://onsound.eu/ CC3.0
►Daydreaming, Exist, & Small Town Girl by | e s c p | https://www.escp.space | https://escp-music.bandcamp.com CC4.0
►Idle June by Schematist | http://www.schematistmusic.com CC3.0
►Trust by Pyrosion |   / pyrosion   CC3.0
►unloved by ikkun (ex. Barradeen) |   / ikkunwastaken  
►Rain, Book And Cup Of Tea by | e s c p | https://www.escp.space
https://escp-music.bandcamp.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com

►Campfire sound by soundjay.com
►electro hit sound effect by Pixabay
►panicked crowd sound effect by Pixabay

Video:
►Fire video by Motion Places - Free Stock Video

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