Respiratory System Drug Therapy | Unit 11 – Pharmacology (12th)

Описание: This unit provides a comprehensive analysis of the pharmacological interventions used to manage both upper and lower respiratory disorders, emphasizing the nurse's role in the patient-centered care process. It begins by establishing the physiological foundations of the respiratory system, clearly distinguishing between ventilation, the movement of air, and respiration, the exchange of gases at the alveolar level. For upper respiratory conditions such as the common cold, allergic rhinitis, and pharyngitis, the text details the application of antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, and expectorants. It highlights the clinical differences between first-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine, which frequently cause sedation, and second-generation agents like cetirizine that offer an improved side-effect profile. Crucial safety warnings are provided regarding nasal decongestants like oxymetazoline, specifically the risk of rebound congestion if used for more than three days. The discussion on lower respiratory disorders focuses on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, utilizing drug classes such as beta2-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines. Albuterol is identified as a primary rescue medication for acute bronchospasm, while agents like tiotropium and theophylline are used for maintenance, with the latter requiring strict serum monitoring due to a narrow therapeutic window of 5 to 15 mcg/mL. Anti-inflammatory strategies are also prioritized, featuring the use of inhaled glucocorticoids like fluticasone and leukotriene modifiers like montelukast to manage chronic symptoms and prevent exacerbations. Throughout the unit, the nursing process is integrated through assessments of gas exchange, patient teaching on correct metered-dose inhaler (MDI) technique, and the importance of hydration to assist expectoration. By understanding these diverse therapeutic categories, healthcare providers can better manage airway obstruction and improve oxygenation for patients across the lifespan.


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