PSIR Class 12 | Machiavelli | SPM IAS Academy

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📌𝐓𝐨 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐬, 𝐅𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦: https://app.spmiasacademy.com/yt-kac
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📌𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐬𝐀𝐩𝐩 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vajj...
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Episode 12 of the PSIR lecture series explores Niccolò Machiavelli, the realist thinker who shaped the transition from Medieval to Modern political thought. Often called the Father of Modern Political Science, Machiavelli broke away from classical moral philosophy and introduced a practical, power-centric art of statecraft still relevant in contemporary politics and international relations.

In this lecture, we cover:

🔹 Machiavelli’s Life & Historical Context
● Born in 1469 in politically unstable, fragmented Italy.
● Witnessed wars among city-states like Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples and Papal States.
● Served as a diplomat for 14 years, travelled widely, and observed governance in France, Germany, and England.
● Removed, tortured, and exiled after the Medici returned to power (1512).
● His major writings, The Prince and Discourses, were written during exile.

🔹 Key Political Works
● The Prince: Guidebook for rulers of newly acquired states; inspired by Cesare Borgia.
Discourses: Written for republican states but incomplete; reflects an ideal context rarely seen in real societies.

🔹 Human Nature According to Machiavelli
● He holds a pessimistic view: humans are ungrateful, deceitful, greedy, fearful, and fickle.
Therefore, a strong ruler (Prince) is necessary.

🔹 Qualities & Duties of a Prince
● Maintain support of common people; distrust nobles.
● Possess virtù (boldness, courage, ruthlessness when needed).
● Identify threats: Fortune (Fate), Nobility, People, Neighbouring States.
● Be ready for constant war or preparation for war.
● Use morality instrumentally—public morality does not bind a ruler.
● Better to be feared than loved, but avoid hatred.
● Never inflict “lesser injuries”—destroy enemies fully to prevent revenge.

🔹 Machiavelli’s Modern Relevance
● Separates statecraft from morality, laying the foundation for modern secularism.
Intellectual precursor to Realism in International Relations.
Places state above individual, values unity, national interest, power and preparedness.

🔹 Criticisms & Support
● Criticised by Gandhi, feminists, and G.H. Sabine (“narrowly dated, narrowly located”).
Supported by W.A. Dunning who says: “Everyone is Machiavellian in politics, but no one admits it.”
● Shares striking similarities with Kautilya’s Arthashastra.

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