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Germany (German: Deutschland, German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, listen (help·info)),[g] is a country in Centraland Western Europe, lying between the Balticand North Seas to the north, and the Alps, Lake Constance and the High Rhine to the south. It borders Denmark to the north, Polandand the Czech Republic to the east, Austriaand Switzerland to the south, France to the southwest, and Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west.

Federal Republic of Germany


Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German)[a]



Flag



Coat of arms

Motto: 
"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" (de facto)
(English: "Unity and Justice and Freedom")

Anthem: "Deutschlandlied" (third verse only)[b]
(English: "Song of Germany")



Show globeShow map of EuropeShow all

Location of Germany (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)

Capital

and largest city

Berlin[c]
52°31′N 13°23′EOfficial language
and national languageGerman[2][d]Ethnic groups 

(2016)[2]

80.8% Germans

11.7% Other Europeans

4.9% West Asians

—3.4% Turks

—1.3% Arabs

1.3% Other Asians

0.6% Africans

0.5% Americans

0.1% Other

Religion 

(2017)[3][4][5]

57% Christian

36% No religion

7% Others / Undeclared

Demonym(s)GermanGovernmentFederal parliamentaryrepublic

• President

Frank-Walter Steinmeier

• Chancellor

Angela Merkel

• President of the Bundestag

Wolfgang Schäuble

• President of the Bundesrat

Daniel Günther

• President of the FederalConstitutional Court

Andreas VoßkuhleLegislature

• Upper house

Bundesrat

• Lower house

BundestagFormation

• German Empire

18 January 1871

• Weimar Republic

9 November 1918

• Nazi Germany

30 January 1933

• West and East Germany[e]

1945–1990

• Basic Law adopted

8 May 1949

• Founded the EEC[f]

1 January 1958

• Reunification

3 October 1990Area

• Total

357,386 km2(137,988 sq mi)[6](62nd)Population

• 2018 estimate

 83,000,000[7] (17th)

• Density

232/km2 (600.9/sq mi) (58th)GDP (PPP)2019 estimate

• Total

$4.555 trillion[8] (5th)

• Per capita

$54,983[8] (18th)GDP (nominal)2019 estimate

• Total

$4.117 trillion[8] (4th)

• Per capita

$49,692[8] (17th)Gini (2017) 29.1[9]
lowHDI (2017) 0.936[10]
very high · 5thCurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)

• Summer (DST)

UTC+2 (CEST)Driving siderightCalling code+49ISO 3166 codeDEInternet TLD.de and .eu

Germany includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres (137,988 sq mi),[6] and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 83 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia, the most populous state lying entirely in Europe, as well as the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is a very decentralized country. Its capital and largestmetropolis is Berlin, while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country's busiest airport. Germany's largest urban area is the Ruhr, with its main centres of Dortmundand Essen. The country's other major cities are Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Dresden, Bremen, Hannover, and Nuremberg.

Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germaniawas documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire.[12] During the 16th century, northern German regionsbecame the centre of the Protestant Reformation. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the German Confederationwas formed in 1815. The German revolutions of 1848–49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights.

In 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified(exept Switzerland and Austria) into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the revolution of 1918–19, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of powerin 1933 led to the establishment of a fascist totalitarian dictatorship, the annexation of Austria, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as an independent country and two new German states were founded: West Germany, formed from the American, British, and French occupation zones, and East Germany, formed from the Soviet occupation zone. About a third of Germany's pre-war territory was annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union leading to the explusion of Germans. Following the Revolutions of 1989that ended communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, the country was reunified on 3 October 1990.[13]

Today, the sovereign state of Germany is a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor.