Anatomical Planes & Axes explained in simple way.

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Plane : The plane is the surface on which the movement occur or takes place. A plane is an imaginary flat surface running through the body. Movement occurs Parallel.
तल :
शरीर की सभी हलचले तल के आसपास होती है। एक तल शरीर के माध्यम से चलने वाली एक काल्पनिक सपाट सतह है।

Axis : The axis is the line around which the movement take place or a line we imagine through the middle of an object, around which the object turns. All Axis are perpendicular to each other & Axis are always perpendicular to the plane. Movement moves around Axis.
अक्ष : किसी वस्‍तु के मध्य भाग में से जाती काल्‍पनिक रेखा जिसके चारों ओर वह वस्‍तु घूमती है |

There are 3 cardinal planes :
Sagittal plane It divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. It is also called Median Plane, Vertical Plane, Longitudinal Plane.
Function : Flexion & Extension
Shoulder, Knee, Hip, Ankle

Frontal Plane (Coronal, Anterior & Posterior Plane)
A coronal plane (also know as Ventral & Dorsal ) is perpendicular to the ground, it separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back, the ventral from the dorsal.
Function : Abduction & Adduction of Neck, Shoulder, Trunk & Hip.

Horizontal plane (Transverse Plane)
The plane horizontal plane or transverse is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts (Cranial and Caudal).
Function : Hip rotation of Medial-Lateral, Internal-External, Horizontal Abduction & Horizontal Adduction of shoulder & medial and lateral rotation of hand.

All Axis are perpendicular to each other & Axis are always perpendicular to the plane.

Sagittal axis: Imagine a pin that inserts through a joint from front to back (anteriorly and posteriorly), effectively pinning down the joint to limit its potential freedom of motion, Sagittal axis - passes horizontally from posterior to anterior (abduction or adduction) in the frontal plane. Sagittal axis also know as Anteroposterior axis, Anterior Posterior axis, Ventral-Dorsal axis.

Frontal axis : Mediolateral means that we take our imaginary pin and insert it from a lateral, or side approach. The position of the pin allows only forward and backward movement (flexion and extension) in the sagittal plane about this axis.
Frontal axis, Left Right axis, Horizontal axis, Transverse axis, Medial lateral axis, Mediolateral axis.

Vertical axis :
If we insert our pin through the joint from top to bottom, it will allow movement in transverse plane only (i.e., rotation).
Vertical axis, Longitude axis, Craniocaudal axis, Carnial caudal axis.

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