Formation of molecular orbitals: Linear combination of atomic orbitals

Описание: Class: XI, Chemistry: Chapter-4 ( Chemical bonding and Molecular structure):
Molecular orbital theory:

Formation of molecular orbitals:
LCAO ( Linear combination of atomic orbitals):
The Linear combination of atomic orbitals which is also known as LCAO is an approximate method for representing molecular orbitals. It’s more of a superimposition method where constructive interference of two atomic wave function produces a bonding molecular orbital whereas destructive interference produces non-bonding molecular orbital.

Conditions to be satisfied:

The conditions that are required for a linear combination of atomic orbitals are as follows:

Same Energy of combining orbitals – The combining atomic orbitals must have same or nearly same energy. This means that 2p orbital of an atom can combine with another 2p orbital of another atom but 1s and 2p cannot combine together as they have appreciable energy difference.

Same symmetry about the molecular axis – The combining atoms should have same symmetry around the molecular axis for proper combination, otherwise, the electron density will be sparse.
For e.g. all the sub-orbitals of 2p have same energy but still, the 2pz orbital of an atom can only combine with a 2pz orbital of another atom but cannot combine with 2px and 2py orbital as they have a different axis of symmetry.
In general, the z-axis is considered as the molecular axis of symmetry.

Proper Overlap between the atomic orbitals – The two atomic orbitals will combine to form molecular orbital if the overlap is proper. Greater the extent of overlap of orbitals, greater will be the nuclear density between the nuclei of the two atoms.