Arthur Holmes’ Mantle Convection & Sea Floor Spreading | Continental Drift Explained for UPSC

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In this video, we clearly explain how Arthur Holmes provided the missing driving mechanism behind Wegener’s Continental Drift Theory, and how it later led to the Sea Floor Spreading Theory by Harry Hess — a highly important topic for UPSC Prelims and GS-1 Physical Geography.

🔹 Arthur Holmes & Mantle Convection Theory

Holmes (1928, elaborated in 1930s & 1944) proposed that radioactive decay inside the Earth generates heat

This heat creates a geothermal gradient

Heat always moves from high temperature zones to low temperature zones

This results in mantle convection currents

🔁 These convection currents act like a conveyor belt, dragging the continental crust horizontally and causing continental drift

🔹 Why Holmes’ Theory Was Important

Wegener could not explain the driving force

Holmes rejected tidal force and pole-fleeing force

He established that mantle dynamics are responsible for crustal movement

Though initially theoretical and indirect, his idea was later validated

🔹 Sea Floor Spreading Theory – Harry Hess

Harry Hess proposed that the ocean floor is not static

Discovery of mid-oceanic ridges and symmetrical rock patterns

Magma rises from the mantle, cools rapidly under seawater, and forms new crust

Older crust moves away on both sides → equidistant rock formations

🌍 This confirmed that:

Continents and ocean floors are mobile

Holmes’ convection currents + Hess’ observations laid the foundation of Plate Tectonics

📌 A must-watch for:

UPSC Prelims conceptual clarity

Physical Geography answer enrichment

Understanding Earth’s endogenetic forces


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