Characteristics of Percentage Biased Differential Relay

Описание: Differential current increases proportionally with through current. This presents a difficulty in setting the differential protection. A fixed pick-up would have to be set higher to avoid relay operation on excessive through-current but doing this would significantly decrease the sensitivity, rendering the protection inadequate. The concept of percentage biased differential comes into play wherein relay operation is based on differential current as a function of through current. In this way, pick-up setting is raised as through current increases
Percentage Biased Differential Protection
The percentage biased characteristic operates on the ratio of operate-to-restraint current. The operate current is defined as the magnitude of the differential current in the zone of protection.
For the restraint current, several methods are defined which varies among relays. In most cases, the restraint current .
There are two (2) basic settings required to set-up the percentage biased differential protection. These are the minimum pick-up and the slope. The minimum pick-up covers the transformer magnetizing current, typically 1-4% of the transformer rating. A pick-up of 0.2 to 0.3 times the TAP is generally recommended. The slope setting is defined by determining the potential sources of differential current. This could come from the tap variation (10%), CT error (3% at nominal to 10% at 20 times nominal), and relay measurement error. these errors stacked to together to form a single slope characteristic.
Generally differential protection relay means the relay operates when the phasor difference between the two or more electrical quantities exceed the pre-set value. The electrical quantity may be voltage or current. But mostly voltage based relays are not preferred. We use to prefer current based differential protection, but it has some limitations such as Both CT Should be identical CT ratio, Identical burden, extention cable resistance nuisance trip etc. In order to avoid these, percentage differential protection can be used.
The percentage differential relay is designed to operate the differential current in terms of its fractional relation with actual current flowing through the circuit. It is used to protect the system under Current transformer saturation, unequal CT ratios, nuisance trip etc. It increases the stability of the differential protection relaysWorking Function of Percentage Differential protectionTwo coil in the relay. One is operating coil and another one is restraining coil. here restraining coil produce force or torque which will oppose the operating coil of the relay. Lets take N is the number of turns in the operating coil and Nr is the number of turns in the restraining coil. The connection is made as shown in the figure. In this two coils are placed and the operating coil K carries the differential current which means I1-I2 and another one coil is restraining coil R carries the current proportional to (I1+I2)/2 because of the coil K is connected in midpoint the restraining coil. Normally current I1 flows in the restraining coil in Nr/2 parts, the I2 current flows another Nr/2 parts.. hence the effective ampere turns is
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That’s why we have taken the total current through the restraining coil as I1+I2)/2
Under normal condition, the force produced by the restraining coils is greater than the force produced by the operating coils. Therefore, relay does not operate.
During fault condition…the operating force become higher than the restraining force, due to this the operating coil trips the mechanism.
Thus the ratio of differential current to average restraining current is always a fixed percentage. Therefor it is called as percentage differential relay.
Characteristics of percentage relay:
The relay which has constant slope operating characteristics, such relay is called constant slope percentage differential relays. It needs high accuracy Current transformer to get good performance of the relay

In some of the relay slope varies as the short circuit current increases. Such relays can be called as increase slope percentage relays.

Advantage of increasing slope differential relay:

It does not need high accuracy class current transformer.